COMPARATIVE SOCIALQ&A2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Near SOCIALQ&A2 - Essay Example Solid utilizations of the idea, however, are discernibly dubious and shifted. Subsequently, there is little understanding over the meaning of the idea, and it is especially basic for sociologists to talk about at cross destinations since they rely upon different, and ordinarily comprehended, thoughts of social structure. This unordinary condition, that one of the center ideas of the control is strikingly confounded, is clear from the meanings of social structure in key word references of human science. Social structure is essentially characterized by sociologists as â€Å"a term inexactly applied to any common example of social conduct; or, all the more explicitly, to the arranged interrelationships between the various components of a social framework or society† (Lopez and Scott 2000: 1). Having given this clearly expansive portrayal, the word reference promptly affirms: â€Å"However, there is no commonly concurred significance, and endeavors at giving concise definitions have demonstrated independently successful† (Lopez and Scott 2000: 1). By and by, social structure ought to be comprehended as a system of social connections among different gatherings of individuals, just as a lot of aggregate relations that join individuals together. These coupling connections sort out the exercises of the people so appended just as their motivations and open doors for satisfying them. The thought of a social office demonstrates the way that people carry on with reason in their socially controlled settings to understand their socially sorted out interests. In the length of their purposive journeys people alter the structures that join them (Nadel 1957). It is critical to comprehend social structure for the explanation that there is no current network without social structure, and a human network will be outlandish without culture. Humanity’s social structures are fundamentally more flighty than those of different sort, yet not as

The movie Maria Full of Grace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The film Maria Full of Grace - Essay Example Maria, Frida and Tita are ladies that become confronted with difficulties throughout everyday life and needed to settle on hard choices. In Maria Full of Grace, the character Maria is the fundamental character gets confronted with troublesome circumstances throughout everyday life. Maria Together with other two young ladies, take part in moving huge amounts of cocaine, from Colombia to New York. At a youthful age of 17 years, the youthful Colombian young lady gets compelled to go into selling drugs after she remained the main girl her family relied upon. Notwithstanding her brutal financial status considerably in the wake of quiting work from her past manager. Notwithstanding her issues, she despite everything got pregnant and would not wed the person. With expanded money related weight originating from the two sides, Maria chose to settle on a horrible choice. Maria chooses to join the Cocaine business as a transporter while in her pregnancy state just to fund-raise for the up keep of the unborn and her family. In contrast with Tito in the film Like Water for Chocolate, she likewise got confronted with difficulties that settled on her take suitable decisions. In the start of the film, one could understand the undying affection Tita and Piedro had for one another, however her mom, Mama Elena didn't assent their association. Piedro winds up wedding his oldest sister, Rosaura. Tita proceeded with her interest for her darling by guaranteeing she minded her nephew after birth more than her sister. Her mom on acknowledging how Piedro and Tita came nearer every day because of the Rosaura’s kid, she organizes Piedro and Rosaura to move to a far off spot. This focused on Tita as she was profoundly infatuated with Piedro and his child. The fundamental character in the film Frida, likewise end up being a solid willed lady. Significantly in the wake of getting polio, engaging in a mishap, she despite everything figures out how to get a hold of herself and figure ou t how to walk. It is her assurance to stroll after such a mishap, that stuns many. Moreover, after recuperation from the clinic, Frida figures out how to walk, however in torment. It is safe to say that they are fit decisions or not? From the three motion pictures, a great deal could be gotten from the hardships they experienced to become what they did. These ladies difficult to settle on intense decisions some of which were hostile while others great. Tina in the wake of battling with Mother Elena throughout everyday life and significantly after existence with her apparition, in the long run becomes liberated from the catch of custom to wed her genuine romance Piedro in spite of the numerous difficulties that remained on her way. Tita realized that her oldest sister got compelled to wed Piedro trying to obey conventions henceforth still continued knowing Piedro will do accordingly. The story thus is a romantic tale of two darlings that got bound to be together forever and existence in the wake of death. The fundamental impediment to Tita was her mom, Elena whom detested her. For example, much in the wake of getting injured after marauders harmed her, she despite everything rejected food brought to her by Tita, in the end biting the dust due to ingesting overdose of emetics. Tita’s decision of adoring Piedro forever demonstrated a breathtaking thought. For example, after Piedro and his better half moved to San Antonio with their kid, it passed on since it was getting its affection from Tita. In as much as she was the most youthful in the family, she rewarded her mom well, however her mom rewarded her gravely. In the film, when she gets tormented by the phantom of Elena, she settled on a choice to censure it. This wound up seriously as Piedro became overwhelmed by the perishing fire from the apparition. Another choice Tita made was revealing to her better half John of her undying affection for Piedro. John acknowledges, yet just advises her to choose. Ti ta in the end consents to get hitched to Piedro which they wind up making the most of their enthusiasm to death. Maria takes part in the illicit

The Paradox in US-China Relations

The Paradox in US-China Relations The Paradox in the US-China Relations: A Commentary Just about 10 years and half back, one of the main scholar and key master on China; Gerald Segal prophetically portrayed the ramifications of Chinese force particularly in the East Asian area. He contended, â€Å"There is not any more profound vulnerability for East Asia, than the fate of China. On the off chance that China lurches in the midst of administration battles and maybe even breaks down as an express, the district will fear mass relocation and spreading confusion, if China continues onward with a twofold digit development, East Asia will fear the ramifications of Chinese power[1] Segal in the finishing up comments of his article titled, â€Å"Tying China into International System† (Survival; 1999) introduced not many suspicions. He anticipated that the uncontrolled monetary development in China would bring about an expanding need and want to exchange with the outside world and China should be integrated with the global framework based on these supposition about China’s future. One of them was a) that it won't break down in tumult, will have a looser political framework b) second that East Asian area will neglect to build up any genuine multilateralelism. There will be a lot of talk in the locale about the need to work all the more intently at the ASEAN and CSAP discussion on the security of the area, anyway no genuine activity was seen. Shockingly the East Asian area will have repercussion of the Chinese force and the lead in managing China in the coming years would not be started by the East Asian nations. This would leave China unchallenged in the locale. He additionally stated that China would likewise prone to have a significant long haul antagonistic relationship with the west. The previously mentioned investigation portrays a portion of the truth of the Chinese ascent starting today. Beijing has surely not broken down into disarray, through a consistent projection of its impact, it has set up that it is undoubtedly a rising force and would keep on doing as such. The West particularly the US might not have a direct antagonistic relationship with China however all that isn't hunky-dory in the Sino-US relationship. Strikingly this becomes obvious when the direction of the reciprocal relations is investigated at a significant level. Both the US and China are goal-oriented nations most definitely. China is the main nation which has straightforwardly tested the US authority after Soviet Union. In the post-Cold War time of multipolarity the decrease of the West (US) has additionally been compared with the ascent of the rest (China) even by American researchers. (Zakaria; 2008). While the US was distracted with the worldwide war on dread crusade and snared itself in Iraq and Afghanistan; the People’s Republic successfully used this lucky snapshot of US occupation to further its potential benefit by expanding its universal connections and augmented its stock of partners in the global political framework. The Chinese impact in the worldwide governmental issues was respected noteworthy to such a degree, that US also reacted to the developing danger talk with a pleasing perspective. In a Congressional Report (2008) and the US Quadrennial Defense survey (QDR-2001), the US organization was directed to receive ‘engagement’ as the most ideal approach to coordinate China into winning worldwide framework. Today, China is drawing in itself with the universal network more than ever by making a large number of two-sided understandings and organizations. Beijing has looked for exchange understandings, oil and gas contracts, logical and mechanical participation, and accepted multilateral security game plans with nations both around its outskirts and around the globe, for example, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It has additionally separated oil and gas investigation contracts with Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, and Cuba; and with Central Asian states, for example, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan; in quest to satisfy its longs for vitality security Universal Negotiations Diplomacy The rise of numerous focuses of intensity in the universal legislative issues have not just declined the pre-distinction of the American power however have additionally made space for China to applies it impact in different circles, for example, global economy, worldwide arrangements on critical issues, for example, environmental change, the South East China Seas and even in the atomic domain. On every one of these issues China has taken an incredible stand. For example on the issues of cash, China keeps up a low conversion scale of its money for its monetary development. Monetary specialists from both US and Europe have called China to permit its money to rise. This notion was resounded even by the US President himself during his first visit to China in 2009. That year Presidents of significant banks like Europen Central Bank; Jean-Claude Trichet, and Dominique Strauss-Kahn; the previous overseeing executive of the IMF have additionally required a more grounded yuan yet China didn't modify its money because of a remote pressure.[2] China has strikingly faced the US on the issue of Climate Change as well. It is alluded as the world’s biggest Green House Gases (GHGs) producer and experiences a poor record undoubtedly. Truth be told China possesses a one of a kind situation in the Climate Change exchanges. It is perhaps the biggest producer of Co2 yet it is additionally a creating nation and has a legitimate case of option to additionally create like the US. It is one of the significant voices in the Climate Change talks and a few specialists has recommended that it was China that hindered the last Copenhagen (2009) talks by requesting a shocking arrangement with the end goal that western chiefs can leave and in this manner making an impasse. At the Copenhagen it not just demanded expelling the coupling focuses for itself yet additionally for other countries.[3] The odd strategic maneuver by the Chinese appointment can likewise be seen as a push to debilitate the Climate Change guideline system. Recently the UN Climate Summit at New York was finished up in which both the US and China appears to have concurred on agreeing on decreasing discharge from 26 to 28 percent for the United State by 2025 and China to arrive at the emanations warming top by 2030 or earlier[4]. Being a top producer of Co2 China’s move towards a considerable situation on outflow cuts ; simply after the US has vowed to make a stride ahead on emanation reflects only geopolitics showing at the arrangement table. Atomic Relations A comparative Chinese conduct of pushing the US to do its bit initially can likewise be found in the domain of atomic security also. Atomic capacity represents power in worldwide governmental issues. While China is far away from coordinating the US stock of atomic weapons, it can't be overlooked that being the main P-5 that is expanding its atomic munititions stockpile; China’s potential in affecting the atomic discussion at the global multilateral gathering stays solid. It is intriguing to note here that the official Chinese situation on atomic weapons contest is that, â€Å" the atomic weapon states with the greatest stores ought to attempt extraordinary duty regarding atomic demilitarization and take lead in lessening their atomic armories and conveyance systems,†[5] China anticipates that the US should initially clear route for the other atomic weapon states to join the atomic demobilization process. Besides the 2013 atomic note pad of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists depicts the Chinese atomic ability as developing gradually and expanding in capacity. Numerous in the US assume that the developing Chinese atomic ability particularly the long range rockets which incorporates the same number of upwards of 60 LRBMs can arrive at some segment of the United States. Truth be told by the US knowledge network expectation by the mid-2020s, China could have in excess of 100 rockets equipped for compromising the US.[6] Indeed the American specialists for atomic issues accept that there is a need to keep up a drawn out strength in the US-China atomic relations despite the fact that the atomic elements between the two nations are moderately steady at the present. The examples of such thought have put together their judgment with respect to the US worries about the Chinese development of the quality and amount of its atomic munititions stockpile. The examination of US-China atomic relations by the working gathering uncovers a potential increase of key weapons contest between the two nations. This may show in expanding the vulnerabilities about the atomic discouragement and accordingly emergency the executives between the two must produce results. Truth be told it is encouraged to the US government to take up casual approaches to shape China’s atomic choice making.[7] Geopolitical Ends at the Asia Pacific Region The present Chinese Ambassador to the US; John Kerry in his comments depicted the respective relations as â€Å"the generally significant just as the most touchy, the most far reaching just as the most perplexing, and the most encouraging just as the most testing †[8] and alluded it as the most considerable one deciding the state of the 21st century world. While authorities from the White House have broadened modifiers to depict flawlessly the US-China cooperative energies, they have likewise recognized the distinction the two nations have a two recognized nations. In addition, these two separated nations likewise have similar force interests in the equivalent geological element called the Asian Pacific area. For both the nations the district is a critical one and the most encouraging undoubtedly. The US has glaringly declared its rotate to Asia Pacific so as to execute its rebalancing procedure. One must figure that in the ongoing years China also has begun taking a gander at the locale all the more conspicuously. The US has completely reported its reservations on the Chinese confident international strategy conduct in the South and East China Seas area. Despite the fact that th

The Cold War :: essays research papers

Harry Truman was the 33rd President of the United States from about the finish of World War 2 and from the earliest starting point of the Cold War in 1945 until he resigned in January, 1952. Harry Truman was conceived in 1884, in Missouri. In April 1945 Truman accepted office as the President on the demise of Franklin D. Roosevelt. From the sixteenth of July to the second of August the Potsdam meeting was held in Potsdam, Berlin. Truman and Stalin and Churchill went to the meeting until Churchill was beaten in a political race by Atlee and supplanted. Truman was stressed over this experience with Stalin as he was not all around educated on him, as Roosevelt had not included him in policy driven issues accordingly he came up short on the information on the most proficient method to deal with Stalin. The primary issue at the meeting was on Germany. They built up the rule occupations, which were to de-nazify,de-militerise, de-centeralise de-industrialize and democrasise the entirety of Germany. Germany’s reparations were chosen. They likewise settled that Germany’s future would be together turned out, no different improvement without interview of forgien pastors. Likewise at Potsdam the Polish fringes were characterized, and Russia concurred section to the Pacific War. Truman questioned the Russians before the gathering and before the finish of the meeting in August Truman had built up a significantly bigger doubt towards Russia. He felt the Russians had been given a lot at Yalta and he was embracing a harder demeanor. He additionally felt that with the force he held with the Atomic bomb, USSR were leveled out. The connection between the superpwers compounded significantly at Potsdam. On the sixth of August 1945 Truman approved an Atomic bomb to be dropped on Hiroshima, a city in Japan and another in Nagasaki, after two days, they caused unpleasant harm, and a huge number of individuals passed on. After the bombs were dropped US troops involved Japan not permitting some other powers in. Truman had disclosed to Stalin minimal about the bomb, first advising him at Potsdam and when he approved the drop, he had not counseled or cautioned Stalin, this rankled him as he had needed to increase some Japanese domain before the finish of the war and the strain started to assemble. The ascent of two new â€Å"superpowers†developed after the war, the USA and the USSR, both needing to be the more impressive country. There was a rising pressure among Truman and Stalin, as Truman had an alternate mentality to the USSR and Stalin than Roosevelt had already.

Why You Shouldnt Start Your Cover Letter With To Whom It May Concern

Why You Shouldn’t Start Your Cover Letter With “To Whom It May Concern” You have been searching for a job for weeks. Maybe months.You finally see a job posting that interests you. After reading the job description, you are sure that you not only qualify, but can excel in the job.You get to work. You update your resume and proofread it for any mistakes. All set.What next?You have to write the one document which can make or break your application.The cover letter.With talk about cover letters being dead, you may be wondering why you should “waste” time reading about them. But you might want to consider one reality of the hiring process.There are often at least two people on the other side: the recruiter and the hiring manager.The recruiter is the one who receives applications and narrows down to a few good candidates. The hiring manager is the one who makes the final decision.Recruiters will generally not read cover letters because of the huge number of applications.But hiring managers normally will.This document, which ideally should be no more than o ne page, is what could stand between you and the job.In fact, it plays four key roles in your application.The Role of a Cover LetterYou may not know it, but your cover letter is of great importance.Many hiring managers will not even look at your resume before reading your cover letter.Whereas the recruiter may not have had the time to go through your letter, the hiring manager has that time.He is probably looking at three to five applications only.To understand the importance of putting value to this document, consider the below roles it plays.1. Introduces you â€" the cover letter serves the important role of introducing you to the reader. Like a face-to-face meeting, your introduction carries the responsibility of making a great first impression.You therefore need to not only make your cover letter presentable using a good font, but also impressive with the kind of writing you do.2. Shows your interest in the company or vacancy â€" no matter how long you have been job searching, y ou cannot afford to imply that you just need a job. You have to show that you are interested in working in the company.This is not done by simply stating it, but your words and tone must show it.A great cover letter will mention something about the company which will make it clear that you know the organization.At this point, you will also need to keep in mind that you are supposed to be a solution. So don’t focus on yourself too much.Remember to show an understanding of the problem which makes them look for a solution. You can know the problem from the job description.3. Draws attention to your resume â€" your resume carries more information than your cover letter does. As such, one of the things your letter needs to do is to convince the reader that he should check out your resume.4. Motivates the reader to interview you â€" note that the hiring manager has received only a few applications and so it is a scramble for the interview. It is obvious that all these applicants are qua lified.But who will stand out even before the interview?First impressions go a long way in making someone interested in what is presented. If your cover letter isn’t better than the rest, you might be the last to be considered.Apart from drawing attention to your resume, your cover letter should make the reader desire to work with you.This is not something your resume can do. You can only achieve this through your cover letter.This means you need to put in a lot of effort to make your cover letter effective.Only then can you be confident of being called for an interview.Does the salutation really matter?Central to your success with the cover letter is how you start the conversation. That salutation makes a big difference.Being the first words you speak to the reader, they can either have a positive or negative impact.Just think of how you start a conversation the first time you meet someone. What you say and how you say it has a lot of power. You can end up being accepted as a fri end or pushed away as one who is not interesting.The same applies in this case. You are meeting the hiring manager for the first time. Your cover letter is really the first meeting which is used to plan for the face-to-face meetingâ€"the interview.With this understanding, how do you start the conversation?WHY YOU SHOULD NOT USE “TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN”Over the years, there is at least one salutation which has become popular with job seekers. This is “To whom it may concern.”Having been widely used, it may have appeared to be right but that was quite far from the truth.This salutation poses very serious problems. Here are some of them.It’s an Old-Fashioned Salutation“To whom it may concern” is too formal an opening to use in your cover letter. You may have borrowed this from some business letters you read or the old days when you were taught this in school.While all that is okay, take note that those are really the old days.In those days, businesses embraced nothing but strict formal communication. This is what set business apart from everyday life.Being formally employed meant wearing a blue or black suit/dress, being very serious, learning a new way of communication, including specific words you couldn’t use in your daily conversations etc.There was simply too many rules and regulations around communication that you wouldn’t be wrong to refer to it as red tape.But this has changed.Nowadays, business communication is largely conversational.The same way you would talk to your friends is the same you would in the office.It is also the same you would write an email. The only thing to remember is being grammatically correct.And of course, avoid slang.When the recruiter or hiring manager sees this opening, you automatically get labeled as old-fashioned.That means you are not current. You do not know what is going on in the world. You are not up to date with how people are communicating, relating etc.It gets scary when you are thought of as someone who could hinder effective communication in the company.Will people be unable to understand you because of the way you talk? Will you cause a communication breakdown?If that is the case, then they are better off without you.It is ImpersonalWhen you start your cover letter with “To whom it may concern,” you actually prove that you are not very good with relationships.In every type of relationship, be it friendship, family or workplace, communication is key. And the cornerstone of any communication is to create and maintain a connection.This is why communication experts will tell you that you have to maintain eye contact when having a face-to-face conversation.They will also tell you that it is important to mention the other person’s name. Instead of saying, “Hi, do you have a minute?” You will get a better response and connection if you said, “Hi Shawn, do you have a minute?”When you are impersonal, you are not really appreciating the other person. As such, you cannot be sure of a kinder response.If this is what you’re doing with your cover letter, don’t be surprised when you end up in the “rejected” pile.It Shows a Lack of ConcernYou might think that you are being general when using this phrase.But the truth is that you are actually showing no concern at all.You are simply saying that you don’t care much who reads your cover letter.As far as you are concerned, it might as well be read by anyone. The most important thing for you is that you made the application and sent it where it’s supposed to go.This paints a picture of someone with a very poor attitude towards work.If this is your attitude and you have not been employed yet, how much more when you become an employee? Will you not be an arrogant employee?Remember that you do not have the opportunity to explain anything.You are not going to receive a reply email asking you if this is what you meant.The conclusion will be reached and you may find yourself continuing with your job sea rch.It Shows UnreliabilityJob descriptions and interviews are used for two main purposes.The job description serves the first while the interview takes care of the second.The first is to prevent unqualified candidates from applying for the job. This is why job posts include a description. Some descriptions of the job are more detailed than others.Typically, there will be information on what is expected of you every day and maybe some of the traits you are expected to have.If you realize that you don’t have these traits, or can’t do what is described, you don’t apply.The interview on the other hand is used to weed out the “wrong” candidates.Or, from a different perspective, it is used to pick the right candidate from among the qualified ones. And one of the qualities needed by any employer is reliability.Being reliable means that you can be left to handle a situation and you will do it well.The issue of the person to address the letter to is the first test of reliability.Yo u see, you cannot be reliable if you don’t take the initiative to do what is right or expected.It is clear that you cannot do some research to find out who to address a letter to.If that is the case, will you do any research to find the right solution for the company’s problems?That cannot be guaranteed.HOW TO KNOW THE NAME OF THE HIRING MANAGERIt is very likely that no-one will directly tell you the name of the hiring manager.Nevertheless, you should not address your cover letter to some generic person. It should be addressed to a specific individual.It might not be easy to know who to address it to because companies rarely give the names of their employees in job posts.It might also be that the reason the names are not given is to provide a challenge to job applicants.The person or people who manage to get the name of the hiring manager are automatically considered proactive.This is a trait any employer would like to see among his employees.The good news is that this trait can be learned. And we are here to show you how to learn it for now then you can practice it in other situations too.Use an Available Email Address to Get the NameAfter the initial excitement of seeing a job you want to apply for, take your time and go through the post again. Do it more slowly checking for an email address.Business email addresses can give you a big clue since they often contain a name.You might see an email address like this one, bwilliams@hiringcompany.com which tells you who will receive your application.In this example, the last name of the person to address is Williams. Your cover letter will thus be addressed, “Dear Williams.”Last names are often used in business settings. First names are reserved for communication between people who are already acquainted with each other.Check the Job Description for Who You Will Be Reporting ToIf you cannot get an email address or a name, then find the title of the person you will be reporting to. This will help you get the name of the person.Armed with the title, the first place you should head to is Google.Search for the title alongside the name of the company. Among the many results, you might find one which mentions the name of the person holding the position.Check the date the resource (blog post, social media conversation etc) was published. If it was a long time ago, you need to verify the information.And the best place to start is LinkedIn.Use the advanced search to narrow down the search results.The good thing with searching on LinkedIn is that you will be able to know whether the person is currently holding that position.If you see signs that he is not, then you will have to dig some more.Search for that company and the title from the job post. As long as the position is filled and the person is active on the network, you will have the name you are looking for.Search for the Job Post on LinkedInMany employers and employees have profiles on LinkedIn as it is the number one networking site for professionals.As such, hiring managers often post job vacancies on this network.One benefit of this is that they can easily vet candidates by checking their profiles before interviewing them.Turn this hiring manager’s convenience to your advantage.Do a search for the job post and do not forget to use filters for an advanced search. When you get the job post, you can be sure you have struck gold. Seeing the person who posted the job gives you their name and many other details you can use.You can also learn about the company and show that you did your homework well.Google the Job PostIn this era of internet connectivity, there is very little that a certain big company doesn’t know.That company is called Google.Google knows a lot because it has the best web crawling and indexing algorithms compared to its competitors. As a result, it gives the most relevant search results.This has made it the favorite search engine for many. Being a favorite means many people make use of it. And y ou can do the same.It is virtually impossible to have an actively-available web resource which Google is not aware of. A web resource could be anything from a full website, web page, online document, social media post, job post etc.Since Google indexes web resources so well, it could have picked on a mention or conversation about the job post you are interested in. This could be from social media platforms or the hiring company’s website.Do not just go through the first few results then end your search. If all the results in the first page are relevant, go to the next page. Check at least up to the third page.As you open the links, carefully search for the mention of a name, title or email address which could give you a clue.You can use your browser’s search function to search for the “@” sign. You can also search for other words related to the job post like “Manager,” “Director,” “Sales” etc.Find the Name from the Recruiting Agency’s WebsiteIn some cases, the job may have been posted by a recruiting agency. If so, visit the agency’s website and look around.Many agencies provide some information about who their partners or clients are. Find the link and search for the name of the company.Since this is primarily a recruiting business, you are likely to find the name of the HR manager listed.If you get this, then celebrate and use it in your address.If there is no HR personnel, there might be someone else, maybe the CEO of the company.Now there is no way you are going to address a job application to the CEO.But you can use his name for further research. And the best place to direct your efforts will be LinkedIn.The CEO is very likely to be up to date with the information about his company.Moreover, his connections will include senior employees like HR. You can go through his connections and find out who the HR is, then address the letter to him.Utilize Your NetworkIf all these fail, you still have the option of making use of your network. You can start by checking LinkedIn itself.Are any of your connections working at the company? Has any of them worked there previously? You can get the answers to these questions quite easily using the advanced search.If you don’t get any headway there, it’s time to move to the next step.Does any of your friends know anyone working at the company?If so, go ahead and request them to get the information for you.Do not feel embarrassed to do this as it is one of the reasons you are connected with them.As long as you haven’t been a bother to them, e.g. by spamming them, they will gladly help you out.Contact the Hiring CompanyAlthough this is listed as the last thing you can try, it is actually heavy with benefits.Apart from knowing the name of the hiring manager, you will learn a lot about the company before the interview.It might require some courage to approach the company for this information though.To make it easy for yourself, do not call the company. If their offices are near where you are located, visit them and talk to any of the junior employees.You can also talk to any security guard stationed at the premises.Often, junior staff or security guards will be very helpful.They can divulge more information and help you understand things like the company’s work culture. This will go a long way in helping you during the upcoming interview.WHAT TO DO WHEN ALL THESE FAILVery rarely will you do all these things and fail in your search for a name to address your cover letter to.But in the event that it happens, you will have to resort to using one of several alternatives.These are not the best but at least they are better than “To whom it may concern.”We will look at three alternative salutations you can use based on the situation.Dear Hiring ManagerIf you don’t find a name, this will be an acceptable opening for your cover letter. Whereas it will not make you stand out, it will at least point to a particular person.It is also fine since it mentions wh at the letter is aboutâ€"hiring.Dear RecruiterThis is similar to the one above though slightly different. Use this for the job post you are certain has been posted by a recruiting agency.This is important in order to avoid being seen as not keen with the information provided. If you use this where there is no recruiter involved, you might come across as one who makes conclusions through assumptions.Dear Hiring CommitteeIn some cases, the hiring decision is made by a committee and the job description might mention it.Committees are different from panels as they may be made up of more people holding different positions in the company.Jobs which involve committees are normally quite high-profile.CONCLUSIONDecide today that you will no longer be passive about your cover letter.Use the given tips to find out the name of the person you will address your letter to.When you do, you will have inched closer to landing the job.

Macbeths Evolution - Literature Essay Samples

In Shakespeares Macbeth, Macbeth undergoes a profound and gradual evolution throughout the play. He regresses from a logical, compassionate, caring, and conscientious man, to an entirely apathetic, amoral paradigm of cynical numbness. Macbeths erosion from logical to irrational, from compassionate to indifferent, progresses slowly but definitively. At his peak, Macbeth proves that he is capable of both rationality and love as he contemplates murdering Duncan. His final decision in this matter illustrates this ethical peak perfectly. Later, we see evidence of a descent from this when he is deciding to kill Banquo: his motives change, and he becomes less logical, less able to see the reasons against the deed. Finally, Macbeth shows that he has lost it all. Sanity, compassion, logic, everything is gone that once had been so evident at the beginning of the play. Macbeth becomes jaded and cynical, apathetically hopeless, a mass of entity that had once lived in honor.In trying to decide wh ether or not to murder Duncan in his soliloquy in Act I Scene VII, both the process by which Macbeth makes his decision (a thoughtful pro-con list) and the final adamant decision‹that he will not murder his king‹are indicative of conscience and thoughtfulness, morality and compassion. This is the high point from which Macbeth will fall. It is important to understand that he overcomes both the temptation of inherent ambition as well as provocation from his wife in regards to his fateful decision. He is on top of his own actions and decisions: compassion, an ethical attribute, takes precedence over vaulting ambition. However he firstly shows he is well aware of the punitive consequences of the murder, so he admits he would commit thassissination if it were the be-all and the end-all, lacking any negative repercussions. The fact that he can understand the judgment here (as opposed to the afterlife or life to come) shows he is thinking ahead. Then, he literally states what may h appen; that the bloody instructions, murderous acts, may return to plague the inventor, comeback to murder he who committed murder in the first place. Only a person in a focused state of mind is able to grapple with specific potential consequences. Furthermore, he then goes through a laundry list of ethical reasons not to murder Duncan: I am his kinsman and his subject/ Strong both against the deed. He realizes, in a logical progression on these ethical points against the deed that he should protect Duncan, shut the door from the murderer not bear the knife [him]self. Here, he shows that he understands the responsibilities of being a host and a kinsman, and he is seen respecting the laws of hospitality in spite of tremendous external and internal pressure. He shows he cares. Then, Macbeth acknowledges that Duncan has borne his faculties so meek‹been so fair in office‹that his virtues will plead like angels, and pity, like a naked new-born babe,Š/Shall blow the horrid dead in every eye. Macbeth, in comparing virtues to angels, shows us that in his present state of mind, he sees morality as something to strive for, as angels are the representative pinnacle of morality. Furthermore he believes the murder to be a horrid or in this case immoral deed, proving he is able to differentiate good from bad. The metaphor of the baby, who represents pity, shows that Macbeth understands that pity is pure, like a baby, untainted by immorality and vaulting ambition. Macbeth shows he aspires to be moral, because his final and adamant decision is in accordance with what pity demands. He is not at all numb to the idea of murder; he is virtually repulsed by it.In his soliloquy in Act III Scene I, Macbeth is shown to have descended dramatically from his original state: he is jealous, fearful, and certainly not compassionate. He finds no reason not to kill Banquo as he had with Duncan, though Macbeth freely admits that Banquo has a royal nature. The usage of royal here me ans Macbeth still can tell wrong from right, good nature from bad nature. But this does not in any way deter Macbeth from killing Banquo as it did with Duncan. Macbeth says, To be [king] is nothing; /But to be safely thus meaning that the only way to achieve safety, which Macbeth equates to happiness, is to slaughter Banquo. What is striking here is what is missing: there is no pro-con list, no reasons against the murder. We are also shown here by what is not said that Macbeth is losing his pragmatic skills, because logic dictates that for him to commit another cold-blooded murder, the first having already driven him to incurable insomnia, would cause him only to spiral further and further away from happiness. The fact that he doesnt consider Banquos morality as a reason against killing him shows that Macbeth is on his way to being totally numb when dealing with death and murder. And, instead of being thoughtful, Macbeth is blinded by fear and jealousy, because his genius is rebukd [by Banquo]. This fear is clear when he says explicitly that there is none but he /Whose being I do fear. Banquo is the only one Macbeth fears. Also, before he was concerned with the laws of hospitality which include modesty, and now by contradiction he calls himself genius and even compares himself to Caesar. His jealousy, not ambition like before, drives him to have contempt for the wis[e] Banquo, because Banquo, according to the witches, is father to a line of kings which means Macbeth has a fruitless crown. The why of the fear is explained by implication when Macbeth states that the barren scepter or pointless symbol of Macbeths status as king, will be wrenchd with an unlineal hand from his gripe. To wrench is to take forcefully, inspiring fear. This fear later turns to regret, as he says that only for Banquos descendants, only for them, rather than for himself has he murdered the gracious Duncan. In his mind, this means that he has sold his soul, his eternal jewel, to the commo n enemy of man Satan. This metaphor shows self-acknowledged moral decay, which is a double-sided coin: morally he has indeed decayed, and yet he can still recognize it, which is a step in the right direction. But he is so melodramatic about this point (the two exclamation marks: kings! and utterance!) that he is perhaps losing control over his words if not his sanity, which is confirmed concretely when Banquos ghost emerges from Macbeths tortured psyche later. Total descent is on the horizon. At first he cares about the morality of Duncan and himself. Pity had played an integral role in his life. Now he cares only for his own well-being. The next step is total apathy.By Act V Scene V, Macbeth has fallen entirely from his original state. He has lost all compassion, all conscience, even all fear. In essence, Macbeth is totally numb from life. He says explicitly that he cares so little that he has almost forgot[ten] the taste of fears. Progressively his fears had narrowed: originally h e feared the punitive and moral consequences of killing Duncan. At least later he had feared Banquo though for less noble reasons. Now he fears almost nothing. A night-shriek can no longer rouse and stir him because he has suppd full with horrors. The only way horror could become unable to start Macbeth would be if he is too numb even to be able to recognize it. At the beginning, as shown, he is repulsed by the horror of murder; now he is too familiar with slaughterous thoughts even to be frightened. The word slaughterous implies violent, almost gory thoughts, which convey the extent to which Macbeth truly is numb to blood. Macbeth is then told that his wife is dead. Summarily his reaction is one of apathetic despair, which is a huge fall even from caring about being safely king (in deciding to murder Banquo). He only says about his wife that she should have died hereafter, that she would have died sometime in any case. By saying this, Macbeth shows he no longer thinks of time as w e do. Obviously, everyone dies, including his wife, but he fails to acknowledge or even care about the time that he could have spent with his dearest partner in greatness between her present death and when she would have died naturally. In fact, his new attitude of time is jaded, awful, hopeless. The monotony of the sound of the phrase to-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow shows he feels that time truly is just many different paths leading to the same inevitable conclusion: dusty death. All of our yesterdays lead to this death. He leaves no loophole to beat this cynical system of existence. He even urges death on, in relation to himself, saying Out, out brief candle! The image of a candle slowly flickering away is Macbeths way of conveying poetically that life is truly nothing more that an empty shell approaching death, a walking shadowŠthat frets his hour upon the stage. The word frets implies wasting time. This candle is then heard no more, so therefore its existence, Macbeth s existence, is pointless. Even though life is full of sound and fury, powerful events, it still signif[ies] nothing. Life is hollow. The descent is complete. He doesnt care for his wife, nor himself, because life is just a tale told by an idiot. Life, that which Macbeth had hoped to live safely and happily, has now been concluded to be insignificant, a waste of time. Concerning the difference between good and bad, life now for Macbeth is all gray, clouded by cynicism. He simply does not care anymore, because if something signif[ies] nothing then it means nothing. And if one finds no meaning in life, one certainly doesnt care about petty distinctions, such as good versus bad, morality versus immorality, life versus death. Nothing can be lower, emotionally, than this point in Macbeths regression.By depicting Macbeths regression from compassion to apathy, Shakespeare warns us that one should not try to exceed ones set manhood, as Macbeth says, I dare do all that may become a man; /Who dares do more, is none. He does dare to do more and consequently ends up as none. Shakespeare summarizes the entire play in a single quotation. By trying to please his wife, trying to prove to her his love, Macbeth violates his idea about what a man is. Up to that point he had been brave and even moral in defending his king Duncan on the battlefield. To him, this is what a man is. Now, for his wife, he goes beyond this definition, in a realm that is paradoxically so manly that it truly is not manly; it is a bravado. It is as if Macbeth is dared into drinking so much of the wine of ambition that he ends up first drunk, then dead. The first wife-inspired big sip is in murdering his king. This is clearly where he goes wrong, because his decision to kill Duncan ultimately leads to his destruction.

Essay about The Legal History of China - 1630 Words

The Legal History of China Before I introduce the legal history of China, I want to talk about several points: First, introduce the legal history of China should be based on the general history of china: As everyone has know the general history of China, I will not introduce it in detail.( The ancient China had many dynasties, from the Xia Dynasty (21th-16th century before Christ), to the Shang Dynasty (16thà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢11th century B.C). West Zhou Dynasty (11century B.C-256 B.C. total 800 years), the Spring and Autumn Period (770 B.C.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢476 B.C), Warring States Period (403-221 BC),the Qin Dynasty (221B.Cà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢206B.C.) ,the Han Dynasty (202B.C,24EMPORALS,406years), Three Kingdoms (220 - 265)†¦show more content†¦1 slave society, including The xia, Shang, west zhou three Dynasties. 2 feudal society , from Qin dynast to Qing dynasty, the duration is from 210 B.C. to 1841 3 semi-feudal , semi-colony society, from 1841 to 1949 4 socialism society from 1949 till now Then, I want to generally combine the qualities or features of the legal system that distinguishes one stage from another In the legal education of China, we teach the legal system of each dynasty respectively. If I select this kind of method to introduce the legal system of china, I can not finish it in just 15 minutes. Therefore, I want to form general conclusions of each stage. I slave society, First, theocracy and divinity Judge, nemesis We can find it in the old books, and can easy find it from the literal meaning and structure of the word of law. The Chinese word of law in ancient Chinese, is constituted with three parts, which are water, unicorn and go. Water means equity like water, unicorn, another named ancient goat, which reputed to gore guilty pers at court, go means to gore. Second, patriarchal clan system no difference between the country and the family. People were divided into different classes, and people of different status must abide the rule of his class Third, emphasizeShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Systems Of China And India1395 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: The Legal Systems of China and India Introduction China and India are two nations that have endured significant political and economic change. 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The And Its Effects On Society - 1410 Words

Time upon time, and many ages ago, there was an ancient planet called Kaspaar. This land was so old, no inhabitant alive could remember the year of the creation of the world. This land is much like ours. We could even live there, in fact, with no ill effects. The way it looks, though, is very different from Earth. It may have mountains similar to ours, but its turquoise waters teem with rainbow-colored fish, and that fair planet’s bluish lands bristles with life. There is intelligent life, called aquila, that lives there. They are very different from us, because they are not humans. Their stature is an average of seven feet, and they have eagle’s faces. The feathers on their head grow rather like a shirt that drapes to mid-chest over their lithe brown bodies. They have beautiful white wings, and a golden lion-like tail. 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Mental Illness Role Ashley Smith - 956 Words

Mental Illness Role: Ashley Smith did not want to commit suicide. No one would like to die. She was a victim of negligence, but her mental condition played a role in her tragic death. As her inmate friend mentioned, in the Fifth Estate Episode â€Å"out of control†, that Ashley did not really want to die. Ashley Smith was diagnosed from an early age with behavioural problems. She was, in fact, a person with oppositional defiant disorder â€Å"ODD† since her behaviour was clear signs of this illness. She was eventually sent to correctional services for throwing crab apples at the postal worker. Not being treated properly led to the worsening of her condition and caused her to commit more small offences and face longer imprisonment time. Her symptoms were clear to any professional but not to the guards who saw her as a criminal. The main cause of ODD is not known, but can be genetic, family-related or environmental. 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Kentucky Fried Chicken and the Global Fast-Food Industry...

Kentucky Fried Chicken and the Global Fast-Food Industry Case Analysis 1.0 Source Problem The change in demographic trends in the past two decades has seen an overall increase in costs for KFC and other fast food chains. Due to immense price competition and saturation of the US market, KFC is unable to raise its prices to cover the increased costs. The slower US population growth rate, oversupply of fast food chains and the minuscule 1% growth in the US restaurant industry per year has resulted in KFC ¡Ã‚ ¦s focus on expansion of their international markets. 2.0 Secondary Problems 2.1 Short Term ÂÆ'ÃÅ" New product introductions are slow. ÂÆ'ÃÅ" Market research inefficiency. Eg. Germans were not accustomed to buying takeout or ordering†¦show more content†¦A supplier group is powerful when: ÂÆ'à ¥ It is dominated by a few large companies and is more concentrated than the industry to which it sells. Tyson Foods in Mexico. ÂÆ'à ¥ Satisfactory substitute products are not available to industry firms; ÂÆ'à ¥ Industry firms are not a significant customer for the supplier group; ÂÆ'à ¥ Suppliers ¡Ã‚ ¦ goods are critical to buyers ¡Ã‚ ¦ marketplace success; ÂÆ'à ¥ The effectiveness of suppliers ¡Ã‚ ¦ products has created high switching costs for industry firms ÂÆ'ÃÅ" KFC being a major player in the industry, it has some bargaining power. Increase bargaining power enables KFC to negotiate lower prices from suppliers. ÂÆ'ÃÅ" Tyson Foods is the primary chicken supplier in Mexico, however, it also supplies KFC ¡Ã‚ ¦s competitors including McDonalds and Burger King in Mexico. Bargaining power of buyers  ¡V Medium ÂÆ'ÃÅ" Firms seek to maximize the return on their invested capital. Buyers (KFC customers of an industry or firm) want to buy products at the lowest possible price, at which the industry earns the lowest acceptable rate of return on its invested capital. 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Features of Health Plans Free Essays

There are five different health plan options that are available for people that want health coverage. Indemnity Plans let a patient see whoever they would like to see with no limit and there are pre-agreements required for few procedures. Preventative care is usually not covered with the plan and there is higher costs deductibles and can be a co-insurance. We will write a custom essay sample on Features of Health Plans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Health Maintenance Organizations or Homos only allow people to see providers that are within the HOMO system. The primary care physician has to make all referrals and manages all the care. There are no payments for out of plan non-emergency services but some care requires pre-authorizations. This plan features low escapements, there is a limited provider organization and pre- caution care is covered with this plan. Point of Service or POS plans will let a person see either network providers or out of organization providers. If a person sees a physician within the organization, the person will see a primary care physician. There features of this plan are lower escapements for network providers; higher cost for out f organization providers and this plan covers pre-caution health care. Preferred Organization Provider or POP plans have higher costs out of organization providers that are seen. Preventative care coverage changes within the plan but is available. With this plan, a referral to another physician specialist is not required. There are some pre-authorizations required for other procedures and some fees are Involved or can be discounted within this type of plan. The fifth and last plan is Consumer- Driven Health Plan. This plan Is usually similar too POP plan but does have it differences. This plan increases the patient’s Information of health care costs and the patient pays directly to provider until the high deductible Is met. I believe that the plan that offers greater financial benefits Is the HOMO. This plan has a limited network but doctors have a low payment plan. As far as a plan offering greater coverage benefits I would think that the either Preferred Provider Organization, Point-of- Service, or the Consumer-Driven Health Plan; would be considered since we could choose a physician either from within the organization or outside of the organization. How to cite Features of Health Plans, Papers

Arthur Millers All My Sons Essay Example For Students

Arthur Millers All My Sons Essay Arthur Millers All My Sons is a perfect example of a literary work that builds up to, and then reaches, an ending that simultaneously satisfies the readers expectations and brings all the plays themes to a dramatic conclusion. As the past slowly bubbles up into the present, the reader begins to need certain confrontations and certain judgments to occur. The finale that Miller deftly crafted for this play is filled with a dramatic irony that leaves the reader thinking. In the end the wrong has been avenged, and the inner and outer circles -family and society have come crashing together. Even though Miller is slow to establish his main theme in the exposition, once set, the main themes develop into powerful messages that hold meaning for all: if one cannot look beyond their personal circle, they are condemned to an ignorant existence ended by a tragic moment of realization. Joe Keller goes through this slow, and painful, process of realization. It has been hard work for Keller to maintain his blind ignorance toward his crime, and his guilt; however, despite his efforts, his tainted past is continually creeping into his sacred inner circle, the only world that Keller allows himself to recognize. When Keller sees that his inner circle is only a tiny speck in the greater outer circle and that those people, whom he thought were unrelated to him, were actually all his sons he takes his own life, an acceptable ending for the reader. As Millers play ends, the personal beliefs of each character come into question. Chris is forced to look at his father, and his fathers guilt, in the harsh light of reality for the first time. Father had always meant the personification of goodness and infallibility to Chris. When realitys light illuminates the cracks in Kellers good-guy facade, Chris can only run away. Ironically, the only person who truly realizes the full consequences of Kellers crime is Keller himself; he dies to regain his conscience. Another belief that shatters under realitys torrents is Mrs. Kellers belief that her son survived the war. She is forced to confront this pipe dream in the end, when Ann brings a letter from Larry, documenting his planned suicide. As in ONeils The Iceman Cometh, this confrontation of the pipe dream does not bring peace but death. This play is highly structured and extremely well-written. As soon as Miller sets his main theme into place, the entire play moves in the direction of that themes tragic conclusion. The battle described in Millers drama, the unending war between social expediency and moral righteousness, comes to the inevitable climax that the reader needs and expects. No loose ends are left behind to add ambiguity to the work, and the reader is left satisfied that Miller has come to a logical and fulfilling denouement.

Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success Essay Example

Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success Paper Since the early work of Reep and Benjamin (1968), many aspects of association football have been utilised by researchers within notational analysis. Several researchers (Reilly and Holmes, 1983; Luhtanen, 1988; Dufour, 1993) have however identified the lack of literature existing detailing the exact technical demands with regard to their relative successful performance between specific positions of play. The purpose of the investigation was to deliver such a technical analysis of playing positions within elite level International football at the European Championships 2004. The data were gathered by a specifically designed notation system which collected qualitative data based on the relative successful execution of techniques performed, post event. Players were grouped into positional classes as goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders or strikers. A comparison was also made between the technical distributions of both a successful and unsuccessful team. The Chi Squared statistical test was used to compare differences between the frequency distributions and the differences in technical ratings between positions and the successful and unsuccessful teams. Significance was accepted at the (p0.05) level (Vincent, 1999). Significant differences (p0.05) were found between the frequency distributions of all 3 outfield positions, but no significant differences (p0.05) were found between the accumulated means of technique ratings across all of the performance indicators. Individual variable analysis however showed significant differences (p0.05) occurred between specific performance indicators across positions. We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Analysis of elite male soccer players by position and success specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer No significant differences (p0.05) were discovered between either the frequency distribution or the technical rating of outfield players between successful and unsuccessful teams. A significant difference (p0.05) was however apparent between the frequency distribution of goalkeepers actions between successful and unsuccessful teams. The study implicates that coaches must be selective of which players play within certain positions and that training sessions must be accurate to the specific needs of individuals and their position within a team. 1.0 Introduction The process of hand notation is an important tool, which can be used to inform the coaching process. Hand notation is a cheap, simple, accurate but time consuming method of notation (Hughes and Franks, 2004). It provides a coach with an objective view of the key elements of a performance. Notational analysis can provide many aspects of information to a coach. Hughes (1998) defined the 5 purposes of notational analysis: 1. Analysis of Movement; 2. Educational use for both coaches and players; 3. Tactical Evaluation; 4. Development of a data base/modelling; 5. Technical Evaluation. Due to its structure of incorporating individual techniques within a team framework, association football provides a notational analyst with an ideal field for analysis. Within association football, the use of notational analysis enables coaches to improve aspects of their own teams play, at both an individual or collective level and also to interpret the actions of any future opposition. Reilly and Thomas (1976) adapted a methodology in order to analyse players movement, or more specifically work rate within different positional roles in a first division football team. Observations were made over the course of a season, incorporating a total of 51 competitive games, both home and away. Players movements throughout a game were subdivided into several distinct movement classifications. This allowed the individual movement characteristics of different positional roles to be established and therefore for accurate training strategies to be incorporated. The use of feedback was identified by Franks (1997). Feedback can have an educational use for both players and coaches, as it is an important component of the coaching process. Franks stated that any improvement in performance is a consequence of task related feedback. Feedback can be provided before, during and after a skilled performance to both specific individuals and to whole teams alike. A tactical evaluation of association football was achieved by Yamanaka et al., (1997) who performed a computerised notational analysis of 8 games in the 1994 World Cup Asian Qualifying matches. The respective playing patterns of the teams were analysed, with a particular emphasis upon the Japanese national team. This was achieved by entering 32 actions of players in relation to an 18 cell division of the pitch. From the data it was found statistically significant that Japan used dribbling more as a tactic (p0.05), used more passes (p0.01) and more frequently used a clearing kick (p0.05). Garganta (1998) suggested how the development of a soccer data base/model can be considered as a mediator between a theoretical and an empirical field. He states that it is important to understand a soccer teams organisation and to observe a whole teams actions. Garganta explained how game modelling is acquiring greater importance in order to analyse performance trends and to prioritise any such problems of the training process. A technical evaluation was achieved by Partridge et al., (1993). A specialised computer analysis system was developed, using 38 key events entered in real time by a trained analyst. The system was used to provide a comprehensive technical evaluation of performance by comparing the results of 2 distinct levels of performance, the 1990 FIFA World Cup and the 1990 World Collegiate Soccer Championships. From the results it can be inferred that collegiate coaches must be selective when presenting World Cup teams as an appropriate model of performance as many differences do occur, which makes any comparison invalid. At International football level, where games are decided by small margins, the team that is superior in physiological and motor abilities will have the advantage (Reilly and Holmes, 1983). This places a high emphasis on a team at the elite level possessing high levels of technical ability. Within the literature, there are very few examples of technical analysis, in particular skill analysis involving association football. In this respect, the following study is innovative in two ways: i) By analysing at the exact technical requirements of each position ii) By using qualitative data within a quantitative system. 1.1 Aim of Study The aim of this study is to analyse every individuals technical ability that competes in the European Football Championships of 2004. This measure will be based on a subjectively drawn continuum that analyses a players technical movement throughout the game. It will be investigated if technical differences occur between player positions and between successful and unsuccessful teams. Data will be gathered from matches within the European Championships of 2004, which were held in Portugal. This tournament has been chosen as it provides an ideal environment for a comparison to be made between elite level players competing in an elite sporting environment. Data will be collected using a hand notation system, in the form of a table. The table will consist of six columns: player number; technique performed; technique rating, pitch position, time of action and any outcome (if applicable). 1.2 Hypothesis The hypothesis states that there is a significant difference in the distribution of technique between the different playing positions and between successful and unsuccessful teams at the European Championships 2004. 1.3 Assumptions Certain assumptions are considered during this study. It is assumed that all players selected are of international standard and that all players are competing in the tournament to win. 1.4 Limitations Limitations of the study that depict the nature and length of the investigation include the word limit imposed and the submission date. Variations from the tournament itself may also not give the data a true reflection of reality. Incidents such as injury to key players, conditions and the environment may impact on the manner in which a team or certain individuals perform. As the matches were all recorded from terrestrial television, some data cannot be collected due to its absence from the showing of action replays and other inappropriate footage (Winkler, 1996). The choice of some camera positions and angles also makes some forms of player identification difficult. 1.5 De-Limitations A de-limitation from our research design is that it is impossible to make broad generalisations from our data. The obtained data is so specific to the tournament and elite level players that any such generalisation would be inaccurate and invalid. The analysis is also produced in a very subjective manner using operational definitions and a likert scale, which may also not be universally agreed by people other than the researchers. 1.6 Definition of Terms Technique: The method of performance of an individual against a normative scale. Player Position: An individuals role and function within a teams structure. 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Notational Analysis in Football Some of the earliest analysis of association football was carried out by Reep and Benjamin (1968). They analysed over 3000 competitive games from 1953 to 1967 within top division English football and World Cup matches using a simple hand notation system. The position of players actions, the amount of passes before goals and the way in which possession was gained were all notated. From this extensive analysis it was reported that: i. 80% of goals resulted from 3 passes or less ii. 50% of goals result from regaining possession in the final attacking 1/4 iii. It takes 10 shots to score 1 goal Many coaches and managers throughout the English game saw these results as an immediate formula for success. The transfer of these findings into a game situation saw the arrival and development of the traditional long ball game within British soccer. The work of Reep and Benjamin was later taken on further by Bate (1988) in an attempt to disprove a modern day notion that maintaining possession of the ball was the key to accomplishment. From analysing games in the English 3rd division, right up to World Cup level competition, Bate concluded that in order to be a success, teams must portray the following characteristics in their play: i. Play the ball forward as often as possible ii. Reduce the number of square and backwards passes iii. Increase the number of forward passes and forward runs iv. Play the ball into the space behind the defenders as early as possible From Bates (1988) analysis, it can be seen that the determinants of success across a wide range of football were relatively unchanged for a long period of time and that the notion of possession football was not the key to success. Further characteristics of successful play were noted by Winkler (1996). He stated that good teams are capable of defending their own goal well as well as creating more goal scoring opportunities than the opposition. His findings were however contradictory to the research of both Reep and Benjamin (1968) and Bate (1988) by suggesting that successful teams should keep possession of the ball for longer, as opposed to getting the ball as forward as quickly as possible. More recently Luhtanen et al., (2001) adapted a methodology from Luhtanen (1993) to study selected offensive and defensive variables of individuals within the European Championships of 1996 and 2000. The study aimed to examine if any correlation occurred between performance and final position reached in the tournaments. A computerised notation system was used to notate over 2000 actions per game. The actions of the individuals could then be calculated to give means for each of the teams per selected variable. France, who were the winners of Euro 2000 were found to be the highest ranked nation in passing, receiving the ball, running with the ball and tackling. Luhtanen et al. (2001) concluded that this consistent high ranking suggested that France were worthy winners of the tournament. The winners of Euro 1996 however, Germany, were not found to be the highest ranked in any selected variable. Luhtanen et al. (2001) explained this concept by stating that the Germans performed very ordi narily throughout the tournament, and a great deal of luck brought them success. The selection of performance indicators for use in the study may however have only been conducive to certain patterns and styles of play. Although these may have highlighted the attacking nature of Frances performance, they do not take into account factors such as levels of team cohesion and team organisational structure. It may have been high levels of factors such as these which brought the Germans success, not merely luck, as was stated in the review. Luhtanen et al., (2001) summarised that comparisons between team performances across tournaments or time spans couldnt be made absolute due to the numerous changes in team selections, opposition, tactics used and managerial changes. 2.2 Factors determining success within association football Vast amounts of literature are apparent concerning the various aspects of a teams performance, especially those, which bring success. Hughes et al., (1988) developed a methodology to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful teams from the 1986 World Cup by examining the main characteristics of play when in possession of the ball. Successful teams were defined as those teams who progressed to the semi final stages, whereas unsuccessful teams were those who were eliminated after the 1st group stage. Analysis was conducted using 24 performance variables. It was found that successful teams have more touches in possession, had more shots at goal from within the penalty area and approached the final sixth of the pitch by playing predominantly in the central areas. Unsuccessful teams dribbled more and played the ball to the wide areas in their own defensive zones more frequently. The findings of Hughes et al., (1988) study were contradicted by Ali (1988) who conducted a statistical analysis of patterns of play in 18 Scottish Premier Division matches. It was concluded that attacks which proceeded along either wing were more successful, rather than those which were played more centrally. Teams using low pass combination moves combined with centrally based attacks were the factors deciding success in Bishovets et al., (1993) study of 52 World Cup matches. This manner of performance was related to winning teams have a more consistent and reliable understanding between players. Pearce and Hughes (2001) conducted analysis of the perceived successful impact of substitutions in the 2000 European Championships. Data was gathered in the 15 minutes preceding a substitution and in the 15 minutes afterwards. Each performance variable was evaluated and ranked depending on its value of influence. This allowed a show of ratings along a continuum to be created, both of the individual substitute and of the teams performance following the substitutes introduction. Although it was found that 15 minutes of analysis did not produce enough data, midfield was seen to be the most hazardous player position in which to introduce a substitute, due to the high work intensities required immediately by the incoming player. The idea of coding actions according to their difficulty and their success can also been seen in Rico and Bangsbo (1997) study of Denmarks performance in the 1992 European Championships. Actions were noted according to the amount of pressure applied on the performer and conclusions were drawn from the results. The decline of Denmarks passing in their final 3 games was put down to the increased pressure and closeness of the score line related to the latter stages of the tournament. Dooan et al., (1996) conducted a further study to determine the factors, which promote success within soccer. The importance of playing at a high tempo was recognised, due to the constant opponent and time pressures that are placed upon performers. He aimed to compare the efficiency of pass in elite versus non-elite Turkish performers. All passes were recorded as either positive or negative, according to their perceived degree of difficulty and success. It was concluded, as expected that speed, fluency and intensity of pass are all more apparent for elite performers. A further technical study on elite Turkish footballers was reported by Eniseler et al., (1996). The researchers found that Galatasarys failure in European football competition was due to technical and tactical inadequacies as well as a lack of physical conditioning. This method of performance profiling also included recording variables as either positive or negative, according to their execution. A tactical and technical inadequacy leading to failure was also reported by Acar (1996) who analysed the performance of teams playing in derby matches, using both computer and hand notation. The stated research has all described the relative success of play in relation to entire team performances. A team is defined as a system in that a group of players interact in a dynamic fashion concerning a single purpose (Pinto, 1998). Despite a team participating as a homogenous unit, it is also vital to remember that the different individuals comprising a single team make it heterogeneous at the same time (Pinto, 1998). 2.3 Evaluation of Individuals Performance Success in football is very much judged on a teams ability to win matches (Luhtanen et al., 2001). The study of individuals performance can be regarded as invaluable as it is in essence these individuals which comprise any team. Success at any level collectively cannot be achieved without the performance of individuals within this team unit. A great deal of individual analysis has been conducted on the physical demands of football competition and the necessary physiological state for optimum performance (Reilly and Thomas, 1976; Bangsbo, 1997; ODonoghue et al., 2001). Wells and Reilly (2002) attempted to research into the demands of playing position within womens soccer also taking into account performance variables. However the only performance variable measured was kicking distance. This variable seems very irrelevant to determining successful performance within a game situation, particularly within elite level International football. The lack of literature relating to the importance of individuals levels of skill was identified by Reilly and Holmes (1983). Reilly applied 2 methods in order to investigate the notion of skill distribution within soccer. Match analysis of 6 non professional games was carried out looking at skill performances as either successful or unsuccessful. In addition to this analysis, a group of 40 adolescent males, from a variety of outfield positions performed a cross section of skills tests. From the 2 tests, Reilly concluded that significantly: i. Success rate of each skill depends upon pitch location ii. Defensive area provides highest skill success rate iii. Midfield players show more superior test scores to defenders Reilly explained that as the space available from the opponents goal increases, the time available on the ball also increases. This explains why the most successful skills are performed in the defensive area, where less pressure is applied. It was also suggested that a common trend is to place the most poorly equipped players in defensive roles, hence the defenders performing worst on the skills test. James at al., (2002) recognised the importance of studying individuals within a team. He stated that this level of deeper analysis allows a much finer grained overall team examination. In a study of the same team over 21 matches, across various competition types, the analysis aimed to identify the different roles individuals may take across differing circumstances. It was noted that in European competition players played more defensively and played passes involving much less risk. Dufour (1993) completed a technical analysis of outfield players, summarising the percentage of time spent in each action category. For an outfield player it was reported that on the ball playing time was divided into: 50.6% Intercepting, 22.4% Passing, 18.7% Controlling ball, 4.5% Tackling, 2.4% Shooting and 1.4% other activities. Although this analysis enabled a template of the aspects contributing to an outfield players role, no specification was made relating to playing position, taking into account the obvious differences which occur between the outfield positions. The lack of individual analysis relating to the highly specialised position of a goalkeeper was identified by Wooster and Hughes (2001). Goalkeepers were seen as vitally important, as they provide the last line of defence and the first line of attack for any team. From studying 1126 goalkeeper distributions at Euro 2000 with a hand notation system, it was concluded that successful goalkeepers used an equal distribution of kicks and throws, with variety which enabled possession to be maintained in the attacking third of the field. 24% of the 67 goals scored within the tournament all originated from successful goalkeeper distribution. Researchers have also used other methods, other than standardised hand and computer notation systems in order to investigate the performance of individuals. A qualitative analysis of individual movement patterns was performed by Grehaigne et al., (2001). A players effective play space was considered by drawing polygonal lines to create an individuals players action zone. This action zone represented the areas in which 80% of the players activities were performed. Graphic modelling and statistical calculations were used by Chernenjakov and Dimitrov (1988) to help detail individual players performances. By entering specific data into a computer, it allowed players to be arranged in order of their playing effectiveness. Erdmann (1993) described how due to the imprecise, subjective and ambiguous nature of qualitative observations, all quantitative analysis should be performed based upon mechanical properties. Erdmann introduced how by looking at the Kinematics of movement, such as the displacement, velocity and acceleration of movements, individual performance profiles could be built. 2.4 Use of Match Analysis by Coaches As stated by Coghlan (1990) there is enormous pressure on football mangers throughout the world to succeed. In an attempt to bring about such success, notational analysis is being increasingly used within the modern game (Partridge and Franks, 1997). It can help to provide coaches with detailed analysis of observations that would otherwise be missed (Coghlan, 1990). Many coaches now consider information derived from such technological advances to be invaluable (Liebermann et al., 2002). With the pace of the modern day game, team strategies and tactics should be based on something more substantial than opinion (Bate, 1988). Match analysis enables accurate, objective and relevant feedback to be applied to a coach or a performer about past performances (Franks and McGarry, 1996). Due to coaches being active, biased observers of their teams performances, their observations are often not accurate. In a study by Franks and Miller (1986), International level coaches were only able to recollect 30% of the key elements which determined performance with the use of their memory alone (cited in Franks and McGarry, 1996). The presentation of accurate results takes away any subjective views and opinions and allows a coach to build up a portfolio of all future opponents in order to prepare to play against them (Pollard et al., 1988). Olsen and Larsen (1997) showed how the outcome of analysis can be a tool for evaluation and for the development of team tactics. The system responsible for such analysis must however be valid, accurate and easy to use, without large tables of complicated figures and graphs (Gerisch and Reichelt, 1993). Such simple but detailed analysis systems have enabled Norway to maximise its limited resources and to compete on the International football arena (p.220). Franks and Goodman (1986) stated that an objective quantification of critical events during a game is critical for a complete post match analysis. The generated analysis must be used by coaches to instigate an observable change in behaviour, and so an improvement in performance. Liebermann et al., (2002) and Franks and McGarry (1996) reinforced this notion by stating that appropriately timed feedback can significantly improve motor skill acquisition and performance. Reporting to the results of both qualitative and quantitative feedback to a performer can increase performance (Partridge and Franks, 1997). Following matches, a subject was shown analysis results, and video clips from relevant expert performances which related to his previous performance. Over the course of 6 games, the subjects performance across 15 measured variables did improve. This performance increase was directly related to the analysis procedures the player was subjected to between performances. 2.5 Individual Roles Within a Team Framework Although a team unit is comprised of 11 individuals, all 11 players must assume certain roles and functions in order to make such a team unit a success. Subconsciously, players and coaches alike have a universal knowledge of which technical components are required in order to play in each position within association football. There is however very little research to either reinforce or question these concepts. Having an exact technical analysis of the precise playing requirements of each position would allow accurate training schedules and more accurate player profiles to be established. Many coaching publications state the necessary credentials to play in certain positions within soccer (Smith, 1973; Cook, 1982). These publications are however based upon opinion, as opposed to exact epidemiological research. Much ambiguity does exist between these opinions and the reported differences. Wiemeyer (2003) in interviewing 14 coaches, across varying participation levels in order to establish positional technical demands emphases this. In only one case did all coaches agree of the exact functions of a position.