Limiting The Freedom Of The Press Essay

Advertising is a powerful and effective source of information in our everyday life just like TV or internet. Advertisers use ads to encourage people to get products and make products more applicable to them. Respectively, advertisers should allow the freedom of the press. Freedom of the press is freedom of communication and the right to publish newspapers, magazines, and other printed matter without governmental restriction or any restrictions. Gloria Steinem argues effectively that advertisers are controlling the freedom of the press, since they are determining what women should receive or should not. To support her argument she mentions compromises she encountered when she made rules accepting ads in Ms. Magazine. One of Gloria Steinem goals in Ms. Magazine was to add gender neutral ads in her magazine, She wanted to introduce stuff like cars and electronics, such ads were not common in regular women’s magazine. Nevertheless, she encountered negative attitudes by many companies. She mentions, â€Å"U.S carmakers firmly believe that women choose the upholstery color, not the car, but we are armed with statistics and reader mail to prove the contrary. A car is an important purchase for women, one that is such a symbol for mobility and freedom that many women will spend a greater percentage of income for a car than will counterpart men. (Steinem 233)† Using this example Gloria Steinem shows that some companies have the idea that women are shallow and they only care about the outer look not about the over all the performance. Because of their outrageous mentality they are refusing to put ads of their products in women magazines. Nevertheless, Steinem by convincing foreign car makers to advertise in her magazine. She proved that women are equally important customers as men and women’s market should be taken seriously. Thus according to advertisers women do not understand technology, and such ads are not made for them. Ads advertisers are placing  in women magazines are different from the ads that are placed in other magazines. It was clearly stated when U.S car companies refused to put ads of their products in Ms. magazine while they usually do it in other ones. Refusing to introduce certain ads in women’s magazine for unconvincing reasons and the examples Gloria Steinem introduced strengthen her argument that advertisers are choosing their audience and determining the what each group of people should get. She provided another example to further support her argument,: Steinem points out to cigarettes. She mentions Essence, a magazine that was the only national magazine for African American women. This magazine had praised cigarettes and posted ads of models smoking, encouraging black women to smoke. And then Gloria Steinem states â€Å"According to California statistics, African American women are more addicted to smoking than the female population at large, with all the attendant health problems. (Steinem 243).† Therefore, Advertisers that represented cigarettes ads in this women magazine are the reason that black women are more addicted to smoking than other female population. Ads promoted smoking regardless of its unhealthy dreadful effects and that fact that it causes deaths. By pointing out such example, Steinem further supports the idea advertisers choose what they want to introduce to their audience. Steinem also shows that ads promote products regardless if they are good or not. Gloria Steinem mentions that ads in women magazines are different from those in neutral gender magazines. She states â€Å"The same companies that insist on recipes in women’s magazines place ad in people where there are no recipes. Cosmetic companies support the New Yorker, which has no regular beauty columns, and newspaper pages that has no â€Å"beauty atmosphere (Steinem 239) â€Å". She includes another prove, â€Å"We also explain that placing food ads only next to recipes and how-to entertain articles is actually a negative for many women. It associates food with work- in a way that says only women have to cook- or with guilt over not cooking and entertaining. Why not advertise food in diverse media that don’t always include recipes (thus reaching more men, who have become a third of all supermarket shoppers anyway and add the recipe interest with specialty magazines like Gourmet (a third of whose readers are men)? (Steinem 238).† Gloria Steinem explains that advertisers have double standard. They introduce different ads to different group of  people that affects them in certain ways (introducing recipes in women’s add made them feel obligated to cook.). The ads that are in women’s magazines are different form those that are in other magazines. Hence, advertisers don not have a specific criteria in making their ads.They just provide what they think a certain group of people should receive. On the other hand, advertisers should not determine what women should receive. Advertisers should have one criteria introducing their ads to all audience, not different ads for different audience. Steinem states this idea to open the eyes of her readers that advertisers by doing this are actually limiting the freedom of advertising. Not that having advertisers choose the audience that receive certain ads was not bad enough. Advertisers now have their own rules and orders that should be applied before placing their ads in a certain magazine. Gloria Steinem states â€Å"Meanwhile, advertisers’ control over the editorial content of women’s magazines has become so institutionalized that it is sometimes written into â€Å"insertion orders† or dedicated to ad salespeople as official policy- whether by the agency, the client, or both.† And then she mentions some of the orders that were given to women’s magazine effective in 1990. â€Å"An American Tobacco company order for a Misty Slims ad noted that the U.S government warning must be included, but also that there must be: â€Å"no adjacency to editorial relating to health, medicine, religion, or dead (Steinem 241).† Besides the fact that advertisers are using different ads for different group of people, advertisers have their own rules and orders for their ads. They are requiring praise for their products. And this made new fields like â€Å"beauty writing† to be invented. This kind of writing praise products to oppress and push women to buy certain products. By mentioning some of the rules advertisers ask for, Steinem shows that instead of giving the freedom to include whatever editorial texts to be included, advertisers are choosing what to and not to be included in a certain ad or around a certain ad. Steinem relates this to her argument, because by choosing what editorials text should be included and by having specific demands and orders advertisers are clearly limiting the freedom of the press. Gloria Steinem shows how women’s magazines are filled with ads rather than  content . She mentions how ads makes the greater part of women’s magazines. â€Å"I picked up a variety of women’s magazines for February 1994, and counted the pages in each one (even including the table of contents, letters to editors, horoscopes, and the like) that were not ads and/or copy complementary to ads. Then I compared that number to the total pages. Out of 184 pages, McCall’s had 49 that were nonad or ad-related (Steinem 241).† She mentions more magazines and all of them had small portion that was nonad or ad-related. What Steinem is trying to show, is that women’s magazines are out of content. They are mostly ads. Whereas, looking back, women’s magazines had more meaningful content. â€Å"As older readers will remember, women’s magazines used to be a place where new young poets and short story writers could be published. Now, that’s very rare (Steinem 243).† Steinem uses comparison to show how women magazines have changed as time passed. It’s clearly that they worsened. They became meaningless and they lacked real and interesting information. This lack of reality and creativity in women’s magazines caused them to be repetitive; all going over the same products but in different editorial styles. This takes us back to Steinem main argument that advertisers are limiting the freedom of the press since they are the ones who control what a magazine would and wouldn’t have; and that is because they are they are paying to the articles that looks more applicable to the products they are advertising. Gloria Steinem was sufficient supporting her main argument, she stated clearly how advertisers choose their audience and determine what they should receive, how ads in women’s magazine differ from other ones, how advertisers are making their own rules and orders ,and finally how women’s magazine changed negativity during time. For all these reasons she mentioned, she proved that advertisers are not allowing the freedom of the press, they are actually limiting it and taking control over it. Work citation: Steinem,Gloria. â€Å"Sex lies and Advertising.† Signs of Life in the USA:Readings on Popular Culture for Writers, Sixth Edition. Ed.Sonia Massik, Jack Solomon. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s,2009. 227-247. Print.

Digital Media Impact Upon Consumer Transactions Education Essay

Digital media are known to hold a differentiated impact upon consumer minutess, information assemblage and citizen engagement ( Long, Webber and Li, 2008 ) . As Frand ( 2000 ) points out, many concern sectors like banking and publication, are confronting an unsure scenario with the rise of the new coevals of Digital Natives: will anyone travel to a â€Å" bank † any longer? Will textbooks still be printed? Will libraries be on-line electronic aggregations? As mentioned in the debut of this survey, the Digital Natives are an of import mark for sellers because of their size and disbursement power, but their ingestion forms are today far from being to the full understood ( Baronial, Haytko, Phillips, 2009 ) . Furthermore, this coevals will shortly be portion of the work force and it is a cardinal issue for internal market oriented employers to happen the best schemes to actuate them in the workplace, by bettering the company ‘s internal selling ( Raines, 2002 ) . Digital Natives behaviors and penchants, like their scarce tolerance for holds, omnipresent connectivity and penchant for typing over authorship, are of import to houses who want to offer a good service to Digital Natives clients. In the epoch of eBay, on-line banking 24/7 and Amazon, Digital Natives expect high degree of reactivity from companies, every bit good as from self-service engineerings. Surveies by Long and McMellon ( 2004 ) proved that baffled definitions of clients ‘ outlooks are one of the most of import causes for electronic services to neglect in meeting quality demands. It has besides been proved that a consumer ‘s overall engineering beliefs have an influence on their leaning to follow new engineering ( Parasuraman et al. 2000 ) . In other words, â€Å" client specific properties might act upon, for case, the properties that clients desire in an ideal web site and the public presentation degrees that would signal superior e-Service Quality † ( Parasuraman et al. 2000, p.216 ) . The list of Digital Natives attributes employed in this survey is a first measure to assist developing a new set of penchants and beliefs among Generation Y consumers that might be need to be considered when planing effectual web sites and e-services. Digital Natives accomplishments are indispensable to employers ( Raines, 2002 ) and the other articles on their direction†¦ .add Irish bull here. It has been argued that as information is going more and more a trade good ( Openshaw and Goddard 1987 ) , the deficiency of cognition on how to utilize information engineering is a important barrier to employment ( Long, Webber and Li, 2008 ) . Investigating the motive and the school consequences of pupils who possess an Information age mentality is hence indispensable as those accomplishments, needed in the workplace, might necessitate to be leveraged by colleges and universities to break the pupils ‘ employability records and fix them to carry through the demands of modern organisation. If the simple accretion of cognition is going less of import and college dropouts such as Bill Gates become icons of the new coevalss, possibly Digital Native upholders are right in naming for an educational reform that taps into the pupils ‘ new accomplishments. Lack of accomplishments with engineering might besides convey to societal exclusion Acadamic public presentations of their pupils by tapping into their new digital accomplishments could besides assist to make full the Digital Divide that As information becomes progressively commodified the deficiency of entree to a computing machine, or a deficiency of cognition of how to utilize it, may in clip become as important a beginning of disadvantage as for illustration entree to or deficiency of entree to a auto or entree to or deficiency of entree to cardinal warming. Arguably, in footings of employability, a deficiency of competency in the usage of information engineering may go as important a barrier as a deficiency of higher educational makingsThe Digital Natives and the Information Age MindsetLiterature on e-Service quality measuring present several dimension like Access ( the ability to acquire on a website rapidly and to make the company when needed ) , Responsiveness ( i.e. speedy response and the ability to acquire aid if there is a job or a inquiry ) and Ease of pilotage ( Zeithaml, Parasuraman, and Malhotra, 2000 ) that are related Today ‘s pupils are defined by Prensky ( 2001a, p.1 ) as ‘Digital Natives ‘ i.e. â€Å" native talkers of the digital linguistic communication of computing machines, video games and the Internet † . As a consequence of the fact that these pupils have grown up immersed in engineering and ne'er knew a clip without the Internet, e-mail and nomadic telephones, Prensky theorizes that they think and process information in a different manner from old coevals. To prolong this statement, he relies on neuroplasticity theories, which suggest that the encephalon is flexible and able to accommodate to alterations in the environment. Therefore, he argues, immature pupil ‘s encephalons are wholly different from grownups who grew up without engineerings. Following this lingual metaphor, in Prensky ‘s footings today ‘s grownups and instructors are Digital Immigrants â€Å" who speak an out-of-date linguistic communication † ( 2001a, p.2 ) . They might be able to larn the new linguistic communication, but they will ever retain their immigrant ‘accent ‘ . The Immigrant/Natives duality is believed to hold serious negative effects on pupil motive, attending spans, satisfaction ( Oblinger, 2003, Prensky, 2001a ; Levin and Arafeh, 2002 ) . For Prensky, instructors are fighting to learn these new coevalss, while pupils â€Å" cry out † for new attacks to instruction. Prensky ‘s definition of Digital Natives is partially derived from Frand ( 2000 ) who identifies ten properties of what he defines the Infomation Age Mindset. These properties are used in this survey as a base for an operational definition of the concept of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ and hence are worth a farther scrutiny. The first property ascribed to Digital Natives by Frand is that they view computing machines as a normal portion of life, instead than as â€Å" engineering † . If engineering is considered as â€Å" anything that is n't about when you were born † ( Frand, 2000 p.16 ) it ‘s easy to state why computing machines are non seen as engineering by the immature coevalss. Rather than being impressed by new, extremely sophisticated appliances, the Natives tend to hold a â€Å" what took so long? † reaction alternatively. A 2nd feature of Digital Natives is the belief that Internet is better than Television. Frand states that the Natives are utilizing the web as their primary beginning of information. On one manus the Internet is a more synergistic media compared to the Television and this should partially get the better of one of the Television major defects. On the other manus, the information overload and the fundamental hunt techniques adopted by the bulk of them makes it hard to separate facts and fiction, dependable and undependable beginnings. Information overload and deficiency of clip might besides be some of the ground why pupils ‘ engage in a test and mistake attack instead than utilizing traditional job work outing techniques ( see the Nintendo over Logic property ) . The 3rd characteristic of the Digital Natives is named by Frand Reality no longer existent. This attribute refers to the job of content genuineness on the Internet. Many Internet resources are non dependable and personal individualities can be stolen or cloned. Distinguishing between what is existent and what is non has become one of the major challenges for the Digital Natives. A 4th quality of the Digital Natives is their penchant for Making an activity instead than cognizing the theories behind it. This property is cardinal to this survey as it is straight related with pupil ‘s achievement end orientation ( command or public presentation orientated pupils ) . Frand observes that in a universe dominated by digital engineerings, where drastic alterations occur, the life span of information is measured in months. Therefore, cognizing many facts is going less and less of import, while the ability to cover with complex and equivocal information is cardinal for pupils come ining the work force. Another acquisition penchant is the 1 that involves the acceptance of a â€Å" Nintendo † attack to acquisition, that is, utilizing trial-and-error, to accomplish desired consequence instead than careful research. Frand describes this manner as typical of the new coevals of pupils, born with videogames, that tend to near jobs in a test and mistake manner instead than utilizing the scientific method attack, i.e. careful rating of the effects before trying a solution. Whether this might impact pupils ‘ capacity of in-depth analysis is a much debated inquiry. Prensky ( 2001b ) besides considers that Digital Natives have lost in contemplation and critical thought while they have enhanced parallel processing accomplishments ( see the Multitasking property ) . The 6th Digital Natives property identified by Frand is a authoritative of the Digital Natives literature and it describes their penchant for Multitasking, with no undertaking having full attending from the pupil. Along with the test and mistake attack, this is one of the most common scheme adopted by Digital Natives to get by with the information overload and the deficiency of clip for deep job rating. Harmonizing to Prensky ( 2001b ) , kids are now capable of administering their attending strategically while go toing two undertakings at a clip. The job with this new accomplishment, enhanced by digital engineerings, seems to be that Digital Immigrants pedagogues, who merely do non believe that pupils can larn while listening to music, ignore it. Detecting Digital Natives, Frand came to the decision that they prefer Typing on a keyboard instead than composing on paper. The power of word-processing goes beyond betterments in spelling and discernability and allows trade name new manner of playing with thoughts, leting non-linear thought. Similarly, spreadsheet and databases enable to work out job and do determination in a new manner. The typical Digital Natives pupil is ever connected, no affair what. Here the power of networking is considered as a map of the figure of people that take portion to that web. The more people, the more that web will be utile to its users. Love for squad work and networking is a trait of the Digital Natives that is good know and recognized by many surveies ( e.g Howe and Strauss, 2000 ) . Harmonizing to Frand, Digital Natives are besides impatient, demoing â€Å" zero tolerance † for holds. The cyberage has modified our demand for immediateness. We have already discussed that the clip to bring forth accurate in-depth analyses is a luxury that few people can afford and we mentioned multitasking every bit good as test and mistake as schemes used by the Digital Natives to get by with clip restraints. As effect, the new coevals of pupils besides expect zero holds when accessing to services or information. 24/7 banking services, instant messaging, omnipresent broadband connectivity are merely useless proficient agencies if the human constituent of the service act as a constriction in the information bringing processes. The â€Å" nothing tolerance for hold † property is more apparent when we think about electronic mails: people tend to apologise if they are non reacting instantly and follow a much less formal linguistic communication to rush up the communicat ing. The last consideration made by Frand is that the traditional differentiation between Godhead and consumer of information is film overing. This tendency is about omnipresent: User Generated Contents, Mash-Ups, Creative Commons licences, open-source motions, societal bookmarking. Everywhere users are acquiring involved in bring forthing, sharing and bettering contents, without copyright limitations. Where in traditional media the users where involved in co-create the significance of the content by construing it, now they are capable of modifying the content itself and portion it back with the audience. This is consistent with the â€Å" making instead than cognizing property † that already takes into history the Digital Natives penchant for taking portion into productive procedures instead than being inactive scholars. Similar positions on Digital Natives are shared by other writers ( Oblinger, 2003 ; Oblinger and Oblinger, 2005, Tapscott, 1998 ; Rainie 2006 ; Gibbons, 2007 ) . These surveies confirm that pupils nowadays demo distinguishable larning penchants such as squad working, multitasking, usage of engineering and experiential activities. Underbrush ( 2007 ) emphasis on the being of a Natives / Immigrants Digital divide and quote grounds from Hargittai ( 2002 ) that showed how immature coevalss are more skilled in seeking the web than people over 30s. However this duality has been to a great extent criticized by many observers: while it is doubtless true that immature people have familiarity with a greater scope of ICTs in their family, tend to utilize the Internet as a first port of call and multi-task more ( Cheong, 2008 ; Dutton, Helsper and Gerber 2009 ; Helsper and Eynon, 2010 ) , important differences found within cohorts of immature people undermine the thought of homogeneousness that prevarication at the base of the Natives / Immigrants resistance.The Digital Natives DebateWhen it comes to quantitative grounds, the Digital Natives definition becomes a controversial subject: Kvavik, Caruso and Morgan ( 2004 ) for illustration, surveyed 4,374 pupils across 13 establishments in the United States. On one manus the y found high degree of engineering ownership ( 93,4 % for personal computing machines and 82 % for nomadic phones ) and high degrees of academic and recreational activities based on Information Technologies ( 99.5 % users used word-processing, e-mailing and Internet browse for pleasance ) . On the other manus, pupils showed merely a moderate penchant for the usage of engineering in schoolroom and as Kvavik ( 2005, p.98 ) points out, â€Å" ironically, many of the pupils most skilled in the usage of engineering had assorted feelings about engineering in the schoolroom † . A much more extended follow up to this survey among 18,000 university pupils ( Caruso and Kvavik, 2005 ) seems to corroborate the fact that no important correlativity exists between usage and accomplishment of engineering and penchants for increased usage of engineering in the schoolroom. Some writers refuse the Digital Natives statements radically: Facer and Furlong ( 2001 ) point out that the differentiation between indigens and immigrants is non backed up by any empirical grounds. The writers besides warn about the possible dangers coming from instructors who assume a degree of digital cognition that is non accurate for all pupils. Similar statements are made by Bennett et Al. ( 2008 ) who quote several quantitative studies measuring that a important proportion of immature people do non keep the entree or the technologic accomplishments predicted by Digital Natives upholders. She deducts hence that â€Å" It may be that there is every bit much fluctuation within the digital native coevals as between coevalss † ( p.779 ) . This is confirmed by Krause ( Krause 2007 ; Kennedy et Al. 2008 ) who conducted a survey on 2,000 first twelvemonth university pupils in Australia whose consequence shows that the forms of entree and usage of a scope of engineerings and too ls ( e.g. computing machines, nomadic telephones, electronic mail ) alteration sanely across the pupil populations ( harmonizing to socio-economic background, age and gender ) . She concludes saying that the â€Å" premise of homogeneousness is misdirecting and unsafe † ( 2007, p138 ) . Significant differences in how and why pupils use information engineerings have been besides highlighted late by a figure of authors ( Livingstone and Helsper,2007 ; Hargittai and Hinnart, 2008 ) . More late, Helsper and Eynon ( 2010 ) analyzed secondary informations on UK pupils coming to the decision that coevals is non the lone forecaster of Digital Nativeness. From their research it seems clear that many other variables such as gender, instruction, experience and comprehensiveness of usage concur to explicate this behavior. Since coevals seem to be non the lone ancestor to Digital Nativeness, it is non surprising that many research workers criticized the Natives-Immigrants duality ( Bayne and Ross, 2007 ) or introduced extra classs based on a continuum ( Currant et al. , 2008 ) , to better reflect the fluctuation in Digital Nativeness that is considered to be cross-generational. In the visible radiation of the many surveies demoing deficiency of homogeneousness within the pupil population, the research design of this survey is presuming that the chosen sample ( a category of undergraduate pupils belonging, hence, to the same coevals ) is demoing important fluctuation in the grade of familiarity with engineering ( i.e â€Å" Digital Nativeness † ) , measured utilizing Frand ‘s ( 2000 ) definition of the Informational Age Mindset. A farther verification that a fluctuation in the concept is to be observed comes from Frand itself, who states that his 10 properties are wide generalisations, non all of which apply to each person. The above considerations have led the critics to be cautious about rethinking established learning methods and a call for a more mensural argument between skeptics and advocators of the Digital Natives thought has been made ( Bennett et al. 2008 ) . To cast more visible radiation into the Digital Natives argument, this research is looking at the motivational deductions of the Digital Nativeness property, look intoing whether pupils who respond to the Digital Natives definition show amotivated or work-avoidant behavior.AmotivationMotivation can be defined as â€Å" the physiological procedure involved in the way, energy and continuity of behavior † ( Bergin, Ford and Hesse, 1993, p.437 ) . As Prensky ( 2003, p.1 ) puts it â€Å" a sine qua non of successful acquisition is motive: a motivated scholar ca n't be stopped. † Research describing on high school pupils ‘ motive to larn argued that motive is a cardinal factor in the success or failure of instruction ( Natio nal Research council, 2004 ) . The motivated scholar position is frequently depicted as an ideal status, where pupils are enthusiastic, focussed and relentless. Constructivist larning theoreticians ( e.g. Piaget, Papert ) have ever stressed on the demand of prosecuting and actuating pupils, a undertaking whose troubles seems to be increased by the rise of new engineerings and videogames ( Carstens and Beck, 2005 ) . Digital Native upholders typically support the Immigrant/Native resistance as based on age differences ( Prensky 2001a ; Gibbons 2007 ; Underwood, 2007 ) . One of their most debated claims is that the spread between the technological accomplishments of the new pupils and the limited usage of engineering adopted presents by instructors has a negative impact on pupil motive, doing alienation, disaffection and letdown ( Prensky, 2005 ; Levin & A ; Arefeh, 2002 ; Oblinger, 2003 ) . â€Å" It by and large is n't that Digital Natives ca n't pay attending, it ‘s that they choose non to † ( Prensky, 2001b, p.4 ) . Students ‘ deficiency of motive and disaffection from school has received some grade of attending from educational research workers that recognize it as one of the most outstanding academic jobs ( Legault et. al 2006 ) . Harmonizing to the self-government theory ( SDT, Deci and Ryan, 1985 ) , amotivation is a category of behaviors that are either performed for unknown grounds or non executed at all. Amotivation is a province in which the individual can non comprehend the nexus between their behavior and the result of that behavior. As a effect, amotivated persons perceive their behavior as caused by forces that are non under their control. They feel detached from their action and hence will put small attempt or energy in its implementation ( Legault et.al 2006 ) . Traditional SDT attack defines amotivation as a unidimensional concept and in this signifier it has been used for mensurating pupils orientation toward the academic environment ( Vallerand et. al. , 1992 ) . However farther surveies ( Pelletier et. Al. 1999 ) showed the multidimensional nature of amotivation. Legualt et.al ( 2006 ) , in a series of surveies, developed a taxonomy of grounds that give rise to academic amotivation, consisting of four dimensions: ability beliefs, attempt beliefs, feature of the undertaking and value placed on the undertaking. For the intent of this survey, feature of undertaking and value placed on undertaking are the lone relevant amotivation dimensions that are included in the conceptual theoretical account. The features of undertaking dimension â€Å" denotes the specific characteristics of the academic undertaking that may take to amotivation † ( Legault et. Al. 2006, p.569 ) . Unappealing undertakings are likely to be neglected, taking to detachment. The value placed on undertaking evaluates the credence of an activity from the pupils. It has been proved that when a undertaking is non of import to the pupil, amotivation is likely to originate ( Ryan and Deci 1999 ; 2000 ) . Upholders of the Digital Natives/Immigrants resistance claim that new coevalss, born with videogames, should be engaged through the usage of multimedia or instructional games ( e.g. Carstens and Beck, 2005 ; Garris et Al. 2002 ) and are non paying attending because of the manner undertakings are really presented in category ( Prensky, 2001b ) . The undermentioned hypothesis is hence included in this survey: H1: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will be more amotivated than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ From a conceptual point of view, amotivation subtypes are associated with negative results such as hapless academic public presentations, low academic self-pride and purpose to retreat from high-school ( Legault et. al. , 2006 ) . As a effect it will be hypothesised that the amotivated Digital Natives pupils will demo hapless academic public presentations. H2: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo worse test public presentations than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Work AvoidanceAcademic amotivation is non the lone concept that has been examined by motivational research worker interested in damaging behavior. Within the Achievement Goal watercourse of motivational research, the work turning away end ( besides named â€Å" academic disaffection † ) received a considerable sum of attending ( Meece et al 1988 ; Nolen, 1988 ; Nicholls et al 1985 ; Elliot and Harackiewicz, 1996 ; Seifert and O'Keefe, 2001 ) . Work turning away end is defined as an effort to acquire away with seting every bit small work or attempt as possible into achievement undertakings ( Elliot, 2005 ) . Similarly to amotivated pupils, pupils with a work turning away end are likely non try to make their work. Their chief concern is to acquire the work done with a minimal sum of attempt ( Meece et. Al, 1988 ) . However, work avoidant pupils unlike amotivated 1s, have a motive: which is to set small attempt on work. Work avoidant pupils hence do non comprehend the deficiency of eventuality between behavior and result, typical of amotivated pupils ( Seifert, 2004 ) . Work avoidant ends are besides to be distinguished from public presentation ends. In public presentation ends, success with small attempt is a prove of ability whereas failure with small attempt does non supply a cogent evidence of low ability. In work turning away ends, alienated pupils have their involvement and beginning of self-esteem exterior of the schoolroom and so deficiency of attempt is non used as a manner to hide deficiency of ability ( Archer, 1994 ) . The thought that Information and Communication Technologies are, in general, bring forthing disaffection in human acquisition and societal exchange has been sustained by many writers ( Cooper, 1995 ; Rintala, 1998 ) . Some pedagogues like Tell ( 2000 ) described Digital Natives as an anomic young person, surfing the cyberspace in societal isolation. As Knapp ( 1998 ) points out, the â€Å" computer-based information engineerings separate and alienate people from direct experience with nature and community [ †¦ ] and lead to inadequate course of study † ( p.7 ) Digital Natives upholders support the thought that the Natives/Immigrants divide, combined with deficiency of engineering in schoolroom, is the cause of pupil disaffection, whereas these observers ascribe disaffection to Information Technologies and modern-day society. While the latter positions are partially surpassed with the breakage of the Social Web, they offer a post-modernist account for the pupils ‘ acceptance of work-avoidant ends. Whatever the ground for this behavior might be, the literature offers adequate grounds to speculate that pupils with high grade of Digital Nativeness will demo amotivated and work-avoidant behaviors. H5: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will be more work-avoidant than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Achievement Goal OrientationIn their reappraisal of the effects of computing machine based direction ( CBI ) on motive, Moos and Marroquin ( 2009 ) show that while a figure of surveies investigated effects of CBI on Interest, Intrinsic/Extrinsic motive and self-efficacy, there is a deficiency of research within the goal-theory model. Acknowledging the cardinal function of the achievement end orientation on academic public presentations, this survey is make fulling this spread with a deep probe of pupils ‘ goal-oriented behavior. As mentioned in the reappraisal of the Digital Natives literature, many observers, based on research grounds, made a call for a mensural argument on the Digital Native thought before rethinking the whole educational system. In fact, far from hungering for a complete digital experience, pupils seem to acknowledge the motivational function of instructors in instruction. Qualitative research from Oblinger and Oblinger ( 2005, p.14 ) , for illustration, reports the undermentioned pupils ‘ considerations: Teachers are critical to the acquisition procedure. Tech is good, but it is non a perfect replacement. Computers can ne'er replace worlds. Learning is based on motive, and without instructors that motive would discontinue to be. Similar considerations can be done looking at Kvavik, Caruso and Morgan ( 2004 ) quantitative research: if many of the pupils most skilled in the usage of engineering have mixed feelings about engineering in the schoolroom, they have less ground to demo the amotivated or work-avoidant behaviors theorized by Digital Natives upholders. Further uncertainties on Prensky ‘s thought of amotivated pupils ( Prensky, 2001a ) may lift looking at the pupils traits as depicted by Howe and Strauss in many of their plants ( Howe and Strauss, 1993 ; Strauss and Howe, 1997 ; Howe and Strauss, 2000 ) . It emerges a image of pupils comprehending themselves as particular and extremely anticipant. Ambitious, even though directionless ( Schneider and Stevenson, 1999 ) , they are besides described as really confident and have been encouraged to believe in themselves from parents and instructors ( Lancaster and Stillman, 2002 ) . Howe and Strauss besides point out that their parents have pushed Digital Natives to be the best they can, coercing them to execute and stand out. As pupils, they feel the force per unit area to conform to these outlooks and have developed one of their primary features that is their demand for accomplishment. They expect high classs as a wages for conformance to academic criterions, they like to hold changeless feedback ; they are competitory and goal-oriented. This sort of accomplishment, goal-oriented behavior has been analyzed extensively within the motive literature associated with the survey of academic accomplishment. The achievement end orientation is defined as â€Å" a set of behavioral purposes that determine how pupils approach and engage in acquisition activities † ( Meece, Blumenfeld and Hoyle, 1988, p.514 ) . For Dweck, â€Å" Achievement ends must lie at the bosom of any analysis of achievement motive † ( quotation mark ) Writers like Nicholss ( 1984 ) and Dweck ( 1986 ) identified two types of ends that have received great theoretical and empirical attending in the motive literature: Mastery end ( besides called learning end ) defined as a desire to derive competency or get the hang a new set of accomplishments or cognition ( Archer, 1994 ) ; Performance end ( besides called turn outing end ) defined as desire to execute better than others, showing one ‘s competency or avoiding to demo incompetency ( Elliott, 2005 ) . It was ab initio hypothesized that command ends led to positive results ( e.g. continuity in the face of failure, deep processing of survey stuff, enhanced task enjoyment ) , while public presentation end led to deleterious one ( backdown of attempt, surface processing, decreased undertaking enjoyment ) ( Nicholls, 1989 ; Nolen 1988 ; Dweck and Leggett, 1988 ) . A closer scrutiny at research surveies nevertheless, indicated that while command end seemed to take to positive results, assorted consequence were obtained when looking at public presentation ends ( Harackiewicz and Elliot, 1993 ) . As a effect, Elliott ( 1994 ) suggested the incorporation of another differentiation ( approach/avoidance ) to explicate the fluctuation in consequences for public presentation ends. â€Å" In attack motive, behavior is instigated or directed by a positive or desirable event or possibility, whereas in turning away motive, behavior is instigated or directed by unwanted event or possibility † ( Elliot, 1999, p.170 ) . A first, trichotomous accomplishment end theoretical account was introduced by Elliot and Church ( 1997 ) including command end, performance-approach and performance-avoidance end. Performance-approach end focal point on the attainment of possible positive result ( e.g. executing better than other pupils ) , whereas performance-avoidance end focal point on the turning away of possible negative result ( e.g. avoiding executing worse than other pupils ) ( Elliot, 2005 ) . A huge bulk of empirical surveies based on this theoretical account ( over 60 by the terminal 2003 harmonizing to Elliot ( 2005 ) ) clearly documented that the bulk of negative effects of public presentation ends were to due to performance-avoidance end orientation. Successively Elliot and McGregor ( 2001 ) extended the approach/avoidance differentiation to the mastery-goal, ensuing in the 2Ãâ€"2 Achievement end model and in the development of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire ( AGQ ) employed in this research. Mastery-approach ends entail endeavoring to develop one ‘s accomplishment and abilities ( Elliot, 2005 ) and are similar to the command end as antecedently defined in the literature. But as Elliot and McGregor point out, attack is non the lone signifier ordinance for command orientated pupils. For illustration, pupils might endeavor to avoid misinterpretation or neglecting to larn class stuffs, or avoid burying what they have learned. This is an avoidance signifier of ordinance, typical of perfectionists, who avoid doing errors or making anything incorrect ( Elliot and McGregor, 2001 ) . It is possible to reason that the performance/mastery differentiation relates with many of the properties refering to the Digital Natives as described by Frand ( 2000 ) , including the â€Å" making instead than cognizing † attack that is cardinal to this survey, as it should straight impact the accomplishment end that pupils will put. Furthermore, the performance-approach end orientation ( that is related to executing better than other pupils ) is instead consistent with the competitory and confident traits described by Howe and Strauss ( 2000 ) . By being confident of their competency, pupils are more likely to favor a performance-approach over a performance-avoidance or work-avoidant ends. These considerations lead to the undermentioned hypothesis: H3 Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo a penchant for performance-approach ends In the visible radiation of the approach/avoidance differentiation a new form became clear and it is that mastery-approach ends frequently did non foretell positively public presentation attainment as originally believed, whereas performance-approach ends did, on more consistent footing ( Elliot, 2005 ) . Therefore the undermentioned hypothesis will be tested: H4: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo better test public presentations than pupils with a lower grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘Critical ThinkingExtra statements against the Natives/Immigrants resistance come from cognitive research workers that argue against the thought that immature people ‘s encephalons have changed in recent times ( see Herther, 2009 for a reappraisal ) . But whether or non we are confronting a revolution in encephalon constructions, it is however true that experience is able to change our cognitive capablenesss. What is still to be established is whether engineerings are doing us smarter, like Digital Natives upholders claims, or lazier and less able, like some observers ( Carr, 2008 ; 2010 ) suggest. Obviously there is no clear reply, but both Carr and Prensky agree on the fact that something got lost with the diffusion of Digital Technologies and the list includes deep processing, contemplation and crit ical thought. Similar observations are made by Frand ( 2000 ) in his analysis of the effects of the test and mistake attack. The writer expresses concerns whether pupils who can non deduce an reply from utilizing test and mistake are prepared to prosecute in deep analyses. The undermentioned hypothesis is hence stated: H6: Students with a higher grade of ‘Digital Nativeness ‘ will demo a lower grade of Critical Thinking Literature suggests that Digital Natives thrive when multitasking, parallel processing and surface thought. In a fast-paced universe, these accomplishments might possibly be more of import, as is suggested by Digital Native upholders. Are the current scrutiny and learning methods tapping those accomplishments? To happen out, this survey is besides looking at the correlativity between the Digital Nativeness concept and the pupils ‘ Academic public presentations.Academic Performances ( Grade Point Average )There is a whole organic structure of literature that investigated the relationship of academic motive with academic public presentation. Different motivational attacks have been used by different writers: anticipation value theory ( e.g. Berndt and Miller, 1990 ) end theory ( e.g. Meece and Holt, 1993 ) self-efficacy theory ( e.g. Zimmerman et al. , 1992 ) , and self-government theory ( e.g. Grolnick et al. , 1991 ) . In general, such researches reveal that academic motive pos itively influences academic public presentations. In this survey both the Self finding theory ( for the Amotivation concept ) and the end theory ( for the achievement end orientation and work turning away concepts ) models are employed. Amotivation has been proved to be an first-class index of GPA ( Karsenti and Gilles, 1995 ) and to be related with negative results ( Deci and Ryan, 1985, Vallerand 1997 ) . Similarly, work avoidant pupil are likely non to prosecute with schoolroom work and impact negatively their accomplishment. Furthermore, larning disaffection has been proved to hold an reverse relation to academic accomplishment ( Johnson, 2005 ) . Within the achievement end orientation model, performance-approach ends, as antecedently stated, have been proved to foretell positively public presentation attainment. Harackiewicz et Al. ( 2002 ) supply a reappraisal of a series of research that systematically demonstrates that performance-approach ends are the lone accomplishment ends that are positively related to existent public presentation ( e.g. semester GPA, exam public presentation and concluding class ) . This means that alternatively of favoring content command, pedagogues could really promote pupils to follow performance-approach ends in order to actuate them to win. Sing the direct relationship between Digital Nativeness and GPA, Kvavik ( 2005 ) found no important relationship between computing machine accomplishments and GPA. Similarly, in the same survey no relationship between GPA and penchant for engineering in the schoolroom was found. Unsurprisingly, pupils with lowest GPAs were found to pass more clip playing computing machine games, whereas pupil with highest GPAs pass more clip utilizing the computing machine in support of schoolroom activities ( Kvavik, 2005 ) . However, the effects that the Digital Natives ‘ mentality and survey penchants have on GPA have ne'er been considered before. By including the go-between consequence of amotivation, work-avoidance, critical thought and performance-approach end orientation, this relationship is investigated, ensuing in the undermentioned theoretical theoretical account: Amotivation H1 H5 Work Avoidance H2, H4 4 Academic Performance Digital Nativeness H3 Performance Approach H6 Critical Thinking As the theoretical account shows, viing hypothesis H2 and H4 are a consequence of the on-going Digital Natives argument and the opposite positions spliting skeptics and partisans. Rather than accepting one hypothesis over another, this survey investigates whether engineering is traveling to hold a positive ( H4 ) or a negative impact ( H2 ) on Academic public presentation, as a consequence of the considered go-betweens ( Amotivation, Work Avoidance and Performance Approach Orientation ) .Selling deductionsAchievement end orientations have been proved to be related with occupation Motivation i? Prosecuting worker through Digital Technologies = Internal Marketing Orientation. Technology spontaneously delight clients Herzberg ‘s two-factor theory [ 21 ] , Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands [ 32 ] , and McGregor ‘s theories [ 34 ] F. Herzberg, Work and the Nature of Man. World, Cleveland, OH, 1966. A.H. Maslow, Motivation and Personality. Harper & A ; Row, New York, 1970. D. McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1960. The theoretical foundation includes besides the work of Vroom

A Personal Recount on Volunteering at the Citizen Jane Film Festival

A Personal Recount on Volunteering at the Citizen Jane Film Festival This film festival is the most unique, inspirational and crucial festival out there, and the women of Stephens are truly blessed to be such a substantial part of it. Citizen Jane features the best of these women who work so hard to get their names in out in a male dominated industry. Citizen Jane administers them a voice in this male dominated industry. This festival gives credit to numerous talented independent filmmakers and showcases their beautiful, conceptual and ingenious masterpieces. Hopefully one day I will be amongst these women. Being from Columbia, I had heard a bit of what Citizen Jane was about but it wasn’t until last year that I truly got the full experience. I was a senior in highschool who had just finished working as an extra on the short film I Am One directed by Steph Borklund, who happened to be one of the volunteer coordinators, when I started getting emails about volunteering at Citizen Jane. With my new found passion for movies, I decided it would be a good opportunity to get to see the festival life. I signed up and became a part of the merch crew, unfortunately I had gotten into a car accident days before the festival and was only able to make it to one of my shifts, but that was enough. Even though merch wasn’t the most exciting or inspirational, I fell in love with the atmosphere of the festival. It felt like somewhere I belonged. This year my luck with volunteering was also terrible, but I was able to make it too a panel called â€Å"The Stories We Tell†. In this panel 4 directors, with films at the festival, talked about how they got into making movies, what inspired them and various other questions from the audience. I was mesmerized, each of the women had such interesting opinions on various things. The panel made me realise that making movies was possible. When you go to see a movie you never really think about the director, they are just a name on the screen who made something magical happen before you. Getting to sit down with some of these ladies opened up a whole new world, it made the movies more tangible, you end up having a deeper connection to the movie after learning what went behind it. Many of the women on the panel said things that have stuck with me, one being â€Å"it was filling my bank account but it wasn’t filling my heart.† Patricia Krenwinkel, director of Life Af ter Manson, said this as she was talking about how she moved from studio work to doc films. I think it resonated with me so much because of the fact that nowadays so many people are so obsessed with getting money that they end up in situations where they hate what they are doing, and her being a woman and dropping everything to go after what she loved was truly inspirational. Another thing I absolutely loved was the collaboration between Leah Meyerhoff, director of I Believe in Unicorns, and her lead actress, Natalia Dyer. She said that she had an idea of where she wanted to go with the film but it wasn’t until she had found her lead actress that the pieces fell into place, and that Natalia inspired the film just as much as her own mind. I think collaborations between actors and directors to make films is an incredible one because then its not only â€Å"the directors film† but a little bit of everyone goes into it. If I am ever graced with the opportunity to be a dire ctor or actor in a film this would be the relationships I would aim to have. Next year I plan to volunteer, knock on wood. I would love to help out in any way I can, this festival is ran almost solely on the work and hours put in by volunteers and I believe what you put into it you get out of it, and then some. The movies are the main focus, but if I could give any advice to festival goers it would be to do the extra stuff. There is where you truly learn the most and experience the true essence of the festival. As a filmmaker in training showcasing my work at Citizen Jane would be an honor, I would love to have an impact on a young girls dreams as some of these women have done for me.

How Individual Beliefs About Illness Affect Health and Treatment Essay

How Individual Beliefs About Illness Affect Health and Treatment - Essay Example Psychology is used to study the mental processes and behavior of individuals, and differs from subjects such as biology, sociology, anthropology, economics, political science, and neuroscience in many ways. Mainly - and perhaps most importantly - it differs in that it is primarily concerned with not only the biological or neural processes, but more so with the interaction of mental processes and behavior and the overall processes of a system. Psychology can be framed in terms of two particular theories: phenomenological and information processing. An understanding of the brain and its functions are also included in the psychological theory and practice, and the idea of psychology is connected with a vast amount of subjects in the general society of today. Health psychology is similar to basic psychology in many ways, but the differences are more crucial; it is the use of psychological principles to promote health and prevent illness. Health psychology seriously considers the biological, cognitive, behavioral, emotional, social, psychosomatic and environmental factors and how they relate to health and illness. The objective of this form of psychology is to determine the connections between psychological factors and how they relate to a person's health. There are specific behaviors which may lead a person to illness, ... The objective of this form of psychology is to determine the connections between psychological factors and how they relate to a person's health. There are specific behaviors which may lead a person to illness, and the primary purpose of health psychology is to determine these causations and to attempt to understand why a person would behave in this way. "There are many examples of this. Smoking, diet, and regular exercise all contribute to the formation of disease. Individuals with thrill seeking personalities are more likely to drive fast, making them more likely to injure themselves in car accidents." ("Wikipedia", 2006). How can Individual Beliefs About Illness Affect Health and Treatment In the health and treatment of a person, there are many factors which are undeniably involved. The psychology of a person and the matter in which it affects their well being is a crucial factor in this discussion, and must be properly understood and addressed. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was originally developed by Godfrey Hochbaum, Stephen Kegels and Irwin Rosenstock, and its initial purpose was to be "a systematic methodusedto explain and predict preventive health behavior." (McCormack Brown, 1999). In rather relative terms, the HBM focused on the relationship of health behaviors, practices and the utilization of health services. It was a rather intricate tool at the time it was created, but as of then has been revised to include general health motivation for the purpose of distinguishing illness and sick-role behavior from health behavior. In other words, the HBM studies the being of a person's motivation to undertake a health behavior and all the categories which this includes: individual perceptions, modifying behaviors, and

Youth and Urban Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Youth and Urban Culture - Essay Example While examining the youth culture and subcultures it has been seen that it is important that the youth are taught to adapt conventional political and moral outlooks and are habituated to discipline in working life. Subcultures emerge as solution to problems that are collectively faced because of challenges in the social structure (Brake ix). The objective of this paper is to talk about the influence of the youth on the urban culture, bringing out the behavioral patterns and lifestyles of the former especially in modern urban setting. Youth as Subculture The study of subculture is done in relation with the broader system of society. It includes symbolisms of clothing, music and other interests of the subculture and also how such symbolisms are looked upon by the members of the broader culture that dominates the subculture. In any subculture there is the struggle for establishment of subgroups of different values and lifestyles (Brake 3). Youth subculture represents themselves with the ir own style, interests and behaviour through their activities. They often adhere to their own rules outside their social institutions like home or school. They consciously form a signature style of their own which they relish and exploit (Gelder & Thornton, 1). Style is significant in subculture. It transforms the normal process and goes â€Å"against nature†. ... There was a dramatic change in the cultural expression of the class. With the introduction of mass media, shift from joint families to nuclear families, changes in the school and work organisations, all these resulted in disintegrating and polarizing the community of the working class. This method of polarization gave rise to youth culture (Hebdige 74). In the post war era the youth began to exhibit many â€Å"non-solidaristic elements† with the culture of their parents. The dominant culture of the parents refused to comply with the status established by the youth. This led to the youth being a â€Å"vehicle for anti-establishment currents† (Jenks 122). Cultural Significance There are many specific factors behind the youth culture and some of them are rise in the spending power among the youth of the working class, emergence of market as an outlet for spending the surplus income and reformations in the field of education. All these factors led to a consciousness among t he younger generation to create an identity of their own and often they were rebellious against the traditional norms. Youth was being regarded as a separate culture as they began to adopt their own style and behavioral patterns. In the 1920s, it was understood that youth culture is not devoid of classes when evidence was garnered on juvenile criminals on streets and bootleggers (Hebdige, 74-75). The youth subculture enforces their own social practices, lifestyle, choice of clothes, types of television programs, music and friendship groups. The attempt of the youth to maintain a separate cultural world from the adults is not insignificant. Such forms of â€Å"symbolic creativity† are essential for daily life for the young people and should be considered as an essential part of human

Interpretation of financial statements (report) Essay

Interpretation of financial statements (report) - Essay Example To keep an investment with a company or its shares is a decision that should be viewed by an owner or investor in terms of cost-benefit analysis just like any purchase transaction. The expected benefits must have to be quantified or measured in order to guide decision making better. A company is generally assumed to growth over time in certain finance models. (Brigham and Houston, 2002). It needs to have profitability, efficiency, liquidity and solvency to survive, grow and stay in business. It competitors would always be there to match every strategy that it unleashes; thus, the strategies to be used must consider its external and internal environment in order to compete well in an industry that is affected by many hard to control factors. External factors need not be avoided however, since companies have employ strategies that would help the to develop strategies that would help them cope with the changing external environment. The return on capital employed (ROCE) of WBS Ltd. at for the last two years 2009 and averaged at about 17% as against the industry average of 20.3%. WBS Ltd. is obviously less profitable than ordinary competitors in the industry in both years. ROCE also declined to 12% in 2010from 22% in 2009. Such declined performance could not be an indication of some problem as it is still very high. Profitability was lower also compared with 2007 and 2008 ratios. See Appendix B. A more than 15% return on capital employed (ROCE) would definitely attract investors as it would mean that for every $100 the investors expect returns of about $15. This could be viewed as something high during normal times or when there is no recession. The present situation of the economy may be described as recovering. The fact the company is slight not doing better than the rest of the industry must convince owners to keep watch their profitability if not their investment with the company may

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Reading and Answer the Question - Essay Example It is quite difficult for quite a number of people to identify artistic works. For instance, the article, â€Å"living with art† the author indicates that visitors into the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are initially unaware of small details about the artistic nature of the memorial, like the â€Å"†¦low wall at their feet† (Gracyk, 118). Through the inability of recognizing small details, there is a possibility of insinuating that they are not in a position to explore the characteristics of some pieces of art. My perception about art differs from the majority since I take recognition of the fact that art is essentially part of the human nature, and for this reason, exploring some of the detailed characteristics of artistic pieces. Through this, there is a possibility of having a better understanding of the natural world. The author uses the term â€Å"outsider art† to describe the creativity of artists that are self-taught, which are pieces that originate from people that are aware of their physical world (Hofstadter and Kuhns, 39). According to experiences by Maya Lin, her artistic ability emanated from her desire to make people aware of the natural world. These types of art have a common expression of the classical art history, which develop a unique artistic culture among a number of people. It is possible to see pure creativity to the human impulses that are manifested in people without crippling some of the effects of formal training. There is a possibility that the artistic world is a reflection of the natural world. Through this provision, one might argue that appreciation of art emanates from the aesthetic appeal that it provides. However, the entire purpose of art should not necessarily be beautiful since works of art depends on the message that the artist is seeking to instill to the viewers. On the other hand, the consideration of

Introduction to mass communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Introduction to mass communication - Essay Example When it comes to newspapers and magazines, there is a dire need to comprehend how these mass communication facets would take care of the society’s portrayal and the people living within it. Their day to day undertakings and tasks would be covered by the mass communication agendas, hence playing a direct role within their life regimes. Mass communication is an important tool within any society as its significance is seen in different contexts time and again. The people who run the different mass communication outlets have a very pertinent responsibility as these look to defy the opposition which is raised in the wake of achieving success. The newspaper and magazine regimes have long realized that mass communication is happening for the benefit of all concerned and that the stakeholders of the newspapers and magazines have to be told nothing but the truth. There is a sense of belonging as far as societal responsibilities are concerned. This is of paramount essence because mass communication does take the major share of the audience’s attention, on most of the occasions. The people’s attitudes, knowledge levels and perception regimes change as and when the newspapers and magazines amend their respective agendas. It goes to show without any doubt that mass communication has a very important effect on th e lives of the people who read newspapers and magazines, and even the ones who are not directly affected by the same (Perry 1996). Anything that is printed within these media vehicles gets noticeable coverage and hence the lives of the people are changed either in a positive or a negative way. The change is indeed imminent as is the case worldwide, with regards to newspapers and magazines. It goes to show without saying that the top heads within these newspapers and magazines have a huge responsibility resting on their shoulders, and hence they must make positive impact on the minds of the readers, and indeed the

Negative Effects of a Monopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Negative Effects of a Monopoly - Essay Example A monopoly reduces consumers’ purchasing power through the increase in the price of services or products. Being the only provider of service or product, the company in power sets the rate at its own will. An example of that is the Pfizer Company, the maker of the Viagra pill, that charged customers a lot because no other pill could be compared to Viagra in effect. Consumers are thus forced to pay a higher price for a service or product that is not actually worth that price. Such system leads to a decline in the standard of living and wellbeing of the society. A monopoly equips the sole vendor to reduce the quality of service or product. As there is no competitor in the market, the sole provider knows that consumers have no option but to purchase the service or product even with a lower quality. The sole provider does not feel obliged to invest much in the business in terms of resources and accordingly, the end product does not measure up to the required standard of quality. A monopoly creates unemployment. As more and more businesses are driven out of the market because of the power of the sole provider, people employed in those businesses become jobless. They either have to regain skills related to another profession or somehow become part of the sole provider. Either way, these jobless people have to go through a lot of emotional, psychological, and financial problems to achieve their destination. Many people with higher skills, hence, have to work at much lower salaries than what would be justified considering their level of education and skills.

Bad marketing, bad budgeting, and bad customer service can lead to the Research Paper

Bad marketing, bad budgeting, and bad customer service can lead to the failure of a business - Research Paper Example (Mercer, David. 1996; Shim, Jae. K, Siegel, Joel.G, Shim, Allison.I. 2011) A good and healthy business needs a perfect alignment and coordination of these components in order to be profitable. Organization can not exist without its market; all its strategies are based on winning the market. Marketing focuses and revolves around customer’s needs and demands. To any organization customer- i.e. the consumers of its product are everything. They are revenue generating and are the reason for which the organization exists. Marketing emphasizes on a long term perspective of building strong and long term relationships with the customers. The aims of marketing is to reduce down the dissatisfied customers, identify reasons for their dissatisfaction and work on strategies and products that fulfill their demand and needs, keep them satisfied and brings customer loyalty as increased customers lead to increased revenues and profitability. (Mercer, David. 1996) Market research and advertisement are important aspects of marketing. Market research helps the organization to gain an understanding about the environment it operates in and gives an in-depth knowledge about the opportunities and risks which helps the organization in formulating its future strategies for success. Advertisement and promotion on the other hand are other tools to develop or increase brand recognition and increase market share. Other strategies of marketing like after sales services, promotional offers etc. are all ways to win customers for growing revenues and profitability. (Mercer, David. 1996) Budgeting is a tool and technique used for systematic and productive management. Budgeting allocate funds and set targets to achieve a desired outcome. Budgets are created after determining the over all strategies of the company, then these strategies are translated into long tem and short term goals and objectives which provides the basis of budgeting and allocating resources.

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay Example for Free

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay Toyota Motor Corporation is an automotive manufacture stationed in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. It was established in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda as a spin-off from Toyota Industries, his father’s company, to create automobiles. It has grown from just a dream to the world’s largest automobile manufacturer by 2012. Toyota made history when it became the first automobile manufacturer to produce 10 million vehicles in just one year. It has so far produced more than 200 million vehicles. The company produces vehicles under the brands of Lexus, Scion, Toyota, Hino, and Ranz. The company has, however, faced challenges because it has failed to perform the corporate structure, cooperate with regulator better, and pay adequate attention to the complaints of their consumers. I. Issues that the managers in the case are confronting The managers of Toyota are currently facing various issues. By 2012 they had to recall more than nine million cars since there were strong claims that they had defects. Recalling this huge number of cars would results in huge losses. First, there would be the cost of repairing these vehicles so that they can be roadworthy. Then there is the amount of time spent focusing on  the repair or damage control due to the defective vehicles that could be used in other productive activities. Meanwhile, as they are busy recalling the vehicles, their competitors are focusing on production and this could mean increase in their sales. The management has to work double and strategize on how to manage this mishap so that it does not result in unnecessary huge company losses. The managers’ methods of handling this crisis will significantly affect the turnover of the company. This thus calls for a lot of professionalism and tact when handling the situation. Moreover, the company has been the cause of thirty-seven deaths since the year 2000. This kind of information when released to the public negatively affects how the public perceives the company. The case study reports that unintended acceleration was one of the major reasons why the vehicles were recalled. The managers of Toyota will have to find out the effect of this kind of information on the attitudes of the consumers and reverse them. The managers are also confronted with the need to engage in more effective advertisement to correct the dented image of the company. They also need to assess their production techniques to make sure that such defects will not occur again anytime in future. I. Management concepts and theories Toyota has a strong culture because they have core values and norms which are widely shared among over 30,000 staff members. The company has an integrationist perspective of culture. The integrated culture has led to the company’s huge success. It shares organization-wide agreement of managerially sanctioned values. The Michigan Model of human resource management can critically evaluate the issues raised in the case study when based on Theory X (Rudman, 1999). The theory points out that the workers avoid responsibility and they cannot be trusted. When a company calls back nine million vehicles, a number almost equal to the number of cars produced annually, then somebody is definitely underperforming. There must be a whole department full of employees of Toyota who have been mandated with the responsibility of ensuring that the vehicles produced are fit for the road. Their failure to ensure that over nine million vehicles do not go to the market fit makes them not easy to be tr usted. The workers can also be classified as lazy since industrious workers would never let such a huge number of cars be released to the market while defective on their watch. Additionally, the company needs little autonomy just like in the Michigan Model of human resource development (Rudman, 1999). Their independence should be limited, as they need tight control and close monitoring. These conditions would assert that the company does not get overwhelmed by its mission to be number one and forget about the importance of releasing safe cars into the market. Being ahead of their competition has proved to Toyota that that is a very dangerous place to be. The company must have developed a sense of pride that made them complacent and indifferent to reality. The complacency finally developed into arrogance since their workers saw no need of assessing their products to match current quality standards because after all, they were still number one. The company focused on containments and cost reduction instead of focusing on what was really necessary, quality of output. Production on such large scales would make it easy to reduce costs due to economies of scale ( Herman, 2008). However, it reaches a point where reduction of production cost would have a negative effect on the quality of output. At such circumstances, the workers should have ensured that quality was important. This way they would not have rushed into releasing the products into the market and end up selling to the world vehicles that had defects such as unintended acceleration. The model regards the employees simply as resources for achieving the goals of the organization (Nankervis, Compton, Baird 2010). The company would find them irrelevant for inclusion into the process of strategizing and planning for the future of the company. The management would therefore lack a good quorum when discussing best scrutiny methods that would not result in the sale of defective vehicles by the company. Regardless of this, common sense should be considered as the only route to the success of the company. The notion that assessment of products to ensure that they match the level of quality that has been advertised to the consumers should be common to all. They should not allow the sale of products that fall short of the currently expected level of quality as this eventually affects the company sales. II. Critical review about the management strategies There are various decisions that could be tried by Toyota to resolve the issue. The company should give its regional managers more freedom to make independent decisions rather than have a rigid Japan-centered structure of  organization (Clegg, Kornberger, Pitsis 2011). Giving their regional managers more autonomy would speed up the process of decision making as it cuts down on the bureaucracy issues. It also increases creativity as the managers are allowed to come up with better managerial activities since they are free to do so. This freedom, when used responsibly by the managers, would help reduce the risk of complacency and ignorance to customer satisfaction as it has been noted by the current company practices. The effects of the mistakes of one regional manager can also be minimized since their decisions are not implemented on a global scale. Instead of having nine million recalled cars we might have just two hundred thousand since not all the regional managers will make the same mistake. The regional managers would also have role models of good management to emulate. Since these role models would be their colleagues then they are very likely to be successful at fulfilling their mission of meeting the same targets as their mentors. Toyota’s decision to deny the claims that they were defective cars to their consumers did not work at all. You cannot have the loss of thirty seven lives in your conscience and still be able to look at the family and friends’ victims’ eyes and deny that you had nothing to do with when in fact you really did. This was a very bad decision and that is why it did not work and they had to apologize later on. They should have taken the claims more seriously and investigated the matter too very well before making public announcements of denial or acceptance of their mistakes. The fact that they initially denied the claims and then apologized later on then recalled over nine million cars means that they had not taken seriously the allegations against them. III. Recommendations Toyota should have employed the Japanese approach of organizational culture to remedy this situation (Adler, Gundersen 2008). They should first create new knowledge. This would be done by assessing the situation and determining what is really going on and the cause of the problems. It is only by creating new knowledge that the problem can be understood and the solutions to these problems calculated. You cannot solve a problem if you know nothing about it. Research should be done to gauge what the public knows and compare it with the right information. Corrective advertising should be implemented in cases where there is a huge discrepancy. The company should also tap  tacit and subjective insights. The tacit insights include those cultures, which are implied or understood without stating. Subjective insights are one’s understanding of specific effect and cause in a particular context influenced or based on tastes, personal feelings and opinions. The company should also bank on the hunches and intuition of employees (Waddell, Jones George 2011). The employees know and understand how the business works. This means that they know one or two ideas that are not obvious to everyone else. They should use the company when dealing with such a crisis. This way the best approaches known to man will be formulated as you cannot go wrong when you have over 30,000 ideas to choose from. The company should not depend exclusively on processing objective data. In summary, Toyota has experienced some setbacks as it has not been able to cooperate better with regulator, perform the corporate structure, and pay enough attention to consumers’ complaints. The managers of Toyota are currently faced with issues such as recalling of more than nine million cars since there were strong claims that they had defects and the company has been the cause of thirty-seven deaths since the year 2000. The Michigan Model of human resource management can critically evaluate the issues raised in the case study when based on Theory X. Finally, Toyota should have employed the Japanese approach of organizational culture to remedy this situation. They should first create new knowledge. References Adler, N. Gundersen, A. 2008. International Dimensions of Organisational Behaviour 5th edn, Thompson Higher Education, Ohio, USA Aguinis, Herman (2008). Performance Management, 2nd Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New York Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., Pitsis, T. 2011, Managing Organisations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice, London, Sage. Nankervis, A. R., Compton, R. L. Baird, M. 2010, Human Resource Management: Strategies and Processes, 7th edn, Southbank, Thomson. Rudman, R. 1999, Human Resource Management in New Zealand. 3rd edn, Auckland: Addison Wesley Longman, New Zealand Limited. Waddell, D, Jones, G George, J. 2011, Contemporary Management. 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, North Ryde.

Cherokee Indians Essay Example for Free

Cherokee Indians Essay The word Cherokee is believed to have evolved from a Choctaw word meaning â€Å"Cave People†. It was picked up and used by Europeans and eventually accepted the adopted by Cherokees in the form of Tsalagi or Jalagi. Traditionally, the people now known as Cherokee refer to themselves as aniyun-wiya, a name usually translated as â€Å"the Real People† sometimes â€Å"the Original People. † Cherokees’ have had a democratic government (Conley, Robert J. 2000). The Cherokees’ first experience with the invading white man was almost certainly a brief encounter with the deadly expeditionary force of Spanish explorer Hernando DeSoto in 1540. English colonial traders began to appear among the Cherokees around 1673. Such interactions produced some mixed marriages, usually between a white trader and a Cherokee woman. There were three main events during the 18th and 19th centuries: war with the colonist in 1711; epidemics of European disease (primarily smallpox); and the continual cession of land in 1775. The Cherokees were forced to sign one treaty after another with the new United States government, each one giving away more land to the new nation. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson planned to move all eastern Indians to a location west of the Mississippi River, and signed an agreement with the state of Georgia promising to accomplish that deed as soon as possible. Andrew Jackson actually set the so-called â€Å"Removal Process† in motion. Meantime the government had been oing everything in its power to convince Cherokees to move west voluntarily, and the first to do so were the faction known as Chickamaugans (Conley, Robert J. 2000). The history and traditions of the Cherokee Indians of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries are inextricably linked to the history and traditions of the white southerners. Many facets of Cherokee lifestyle and other Indian tribes in the Southern United States were modified and adapted from white methodology. Aspects of those cultural features were rooted in Pre-Columbian traditions. The Celtic culture of people who colonized the Southern United States and the culture’s charcterictics were the catalyst of what was arguably the most pivotal event in American History, the War Between the States. Many respected scholars have argued that the Ante-bellum south was different than the north, in its lifestyles, philosophies, and more. The southern states and their populations were undeniably different in nearly every socioeconomic and political aspect from the northern states and their respective populations. The destinies of the white southerners and Indian were connected in many ways. They had a number of common interests, traditions, ideals and goals. Some of these similarities were chance; others were due to an intimate relationship developed over centuries of close contact, a relationship created by the dynamic elements in the Cherokee’s new familiarity with their white neighbors and their culture (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The Cherokee adopted some practices willingly, others were forced upon them and some were already in place in some form in their traditional culture. Charles Hudson speculates in his work that the Cherokee and other tribes adopted the measures of civilization in acquiescence to the inability of the Cherokee to compete militarily with the white populous. The Cherokee and other tribes had adopted the techniques and social concepts of white â€Å"civilization† long before they were encouraged to do so by whites and their military intimidation. For the Indian, all white men were a threat to their traditions and cultural tenets. Use of a caste system was a part of the Cherokees ‘social structures before contacts with whites. The white south created its own social caste system with white planters as the aristocracy and the African slave at the peon (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The colonists who settled in the south were different than their counterparts in the North. The main heritage of the southern colonists was the Celtic in contrast to the English heritage of the colonists who settled in the north. The Celtic heritage these southerner colonists brought to North America from Europe had a profound effect on their folkways as well as influencing their Indian neighbors. Traditional Cherokee lands had incorporated ass of Kentucky, much of Tennessee, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, North Carolina and a small part of Virginia and what is now West Virginia. The spatial proximity was one reason for the development of an identity with the Southern colonist and their institutions and traditions (Bullard, F. B. 1989). Indian agent for the United States, George Butler, commented that he felt the majority of the material progress in the Indian Territory was a result of slavery. The age of masters measured in the distribution in slaves provides evidence for the upward mobility of slavery for the Cherokee. The principal difference from the white south was the treatment of slaves in the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee avoided mistreatment of the slaves and Major Ridge’s wife Susanna would not even use the word â€Å"slave†. There are many indications that the Cherokee treated their slaves comparatively well, one former slave of Martin Vann, commented that â€Å"they the slaves had to be feed well, clothed well, and housed well to get the best labor attainable from them† (Bullard, F. B. 1989). The most common agents of change among the Cherokee lifestyle were resident traders, missionaries and government agents. The Cherokee Indians modified their traditions for many reasons, among these reasons were: to placate white politicians and land grabbers and reinforce the federal government policies, philanthropists who wanted to â€Å"civilize† them and most important of all voluntary adaptation in an effort to preserve at least some government policies (Bullard, F. B. 1989). Cherokee Indians religion: It would be a mistake to see these two Cherokee spirit worlds as heaven and hell. They are not defined as good and evil, although the one below is seen as tremendously chaotic. They are thought of simply as being opposed to one another. We live our lives between them in a constant state of precarious balance. This dangerous situation, although the most important aspect of life in this traditional Cherokee view is to maintain balance and harmony. If the Cherokees are Christian, they might be Methodist, Presbyterian, Unitarian, or other Christian denomination. Although the more traditional Cherokees is a large group of Cherokee Baptists. Cherokee Baptists attend what are called Indian churches, where they make use of the Cherokee language (Conley, Robert, J. 2000). Cherokee Indian tribes were one of the largest of five Native American tribes who settled in American Southeast portion of the country. The tribe came from the Iroquoian descent. The Cherokees’ actually lived in cabins made of logs instead of the stereotypical tee pee. Very strong tribe with several smaller sections, all lead by chiefs. This tribe was highly religious and spiritual. Around the 1800’s the Cherokee Indians began to adopt the culture that the white man brought to them. At this time they began to dress more European, and adopted many of their farming and building methods. In 1828 gold was discovered on the Cherokee’s land. This prompted the overtaking of their homes, and was forced out. They had been settled in Georgia for many years, but now they were being made to leave and find a new place to settle/live. This was the historically popular Trail of Tears, where men, women, and children had to pack up their belongings and find new homes, and marching a span of thousands of miles. Today’s Cherokees’ have a strong sense of pride in their heritage (Indians. org 2011). A Historical person during this time Was John Ross in which became principal chief of the Cherokee nation. In 1827, following the establishment of a government modeled on that of the United States. He presided over the nation during the apex of its development in the Southeast, the tragic Trail of Tears, and the subsequent rebuilding of the nation in Indian Territory, in present day. Accompanying his people on the â€Å"trail where they cried,† Ross experienced personal tragedy. His wife, Quatie, died of exposure after giving her only blanket to a sick child. Once in Indian Territory, Ross led the effort to establish farms, businesses, schools, and even colleges. Even though the Cherokee Nation was torn apart politically after the fight over the removal treaty, Ross clung to reins of power (Moulton, Gary E. 004). In conclusion, Although Cherokee Indians were a very diverse tribe and had very many different talents. They were very spitural and worshiped only one spirit and that was good spirit, and eventually followed christanity. Trail of Tears was a very emotional time for all Cherokee Indians the time when they were forced out and were here before anyone ever settled America. This time for Men, Women, and Children was a shame. My grand dad always take for granted what you have cause someone can take it away in an instant; as they did to the Indians.

Why Do We Need Global Governance Politics Essay

Why Do We Need Global Governance Politics Essay Ruling the world has been the main aim for every major leader throughout history. It is the feeling of power and achievement that makes one feel superior to any other citizen with older examples such as Alexander the Great to later (1900s) ones such as Hitler and Lenin who eventually aimed for the same concept. However, the consequences of the actions of these leaders also resulted in corruption and revolution. Not only conflicts between average citizens were created, but also nation states prepared themselves to fight back. Since the Second World War, organizations and unions have been created to maximize global governance and interference in order to prevent unbalance between states. Not only should one country have a say towards world issues, but decisions should rather be taken together and internationally which is the main characterization of global governance. Global governance derives from local democracy. The local laws further expand to national law where unions or organizations such as the European Commission unite the local and national votes into one. Today, global governance is at a point where it is being observed by not only statesmen but also its citizens. It has reached a peak where the involvement and cooperation of all societies is vital. The world situation is worsening where jobs have been lost; most farmers have been replaced due to globalization and environmental issues have cost billions. Yet, the biggest test (since the formation of UN) that global governance has been put to is the major economic crisis during these past recent years. It has experimented the boundaries and abilities on how states have taken action in the direction of governance and responsibilities towards world issues. It is therefore vital for such issues to be acknowledged, understood and spoken out about and by applying the three points, decent coope rations between states are created, debated upon discussed on how to tackle these issues. State-building With global interference and governance, new states that dont have the ability to nationally build themselves up get the aid needed to sustain their state (e.g. Kosovo) from international movements and organizations. This concept also applies to failed or collapsed states for legitimate reasons. An example of this is the post colonial states. It was after the Second World War when states were being de-colonized and were gradually attaining independence from the help of the UN trusteeship council that assisted them to attain and stabilize their independence. This illustrates and proves that without global governance, that would not have been possible. A federation of all humanity together with a sufficient means of social justice to ensure health, education, and a rough equality of opportunity, would mean such a release and increase of human energy as to open a new phase in human history. H.g Wells  [1]   It is a key role to have international involvement for a sustainable working economy and fair global politics. With globalization, one of the most important factors is the functioning and facilitation between borders and governments cooperating. By standing united, countries have more capacity through joint efforts than they most likely individually both economically and politically. An economical example is taken with the agricultural subsidies in France. Today millions of Euros of Frances GDP goes to agricultural farmers as subsidies every year, it is most likely that this would not be a possibility if it was not for the common policies which it is heavily dependent on of the European Union and the cooperation of countries such as Germany (being called the core countries, with France of Europe  [2]  ) -a major supplier of French subsidies. Schengen By referring to the Schengen Zone, one can clearly see how global governance has turned to work out for the best. It is kept as a foreign policy where it first (of many reasons) make travel exceptionally simple. Another byproduct with the Schengen Zone though is that it also controls criminal movements. E.g. one may believe that it is very simple for criminals to pass around borderless countries without being checked at borders and sent back to their original location. Yes, indeed this is true, though at the same time it is very difficult for them to hide. When looking back before the creation of Schengen, if a criminal had illegally left and fled a country, due to judiciary policies and processes, these two countries (the original country and the one where the criminal fled to) would have to go through legal negotiations and procedures to be able to send people with such criminal records back. However, today due to being in a joint venture or an agreement, such issues do not occur. Instead of each country being very compact with its rules and borders, zones such as the Schengen have become stronger as a whole and less harsh internally. So yes, it may be very difficult to become part of the Schengen, but once you are in, you are free to go wherever within the border. WTO World Trade Organization EU is aiming for a good common market between all nations including fair trade, therefore many organizations have been created to to keep issues such as trade and production of supplies arranged and fair between all countries. The World Trade Organization is the only global international organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations  [3]  . Although the system has various flaws, the core values or the principles are important in bringing countries and policies together. The way of cooperation may be strong; however the idea behind it is to establish fair rules and trades so that countries unlike e.g. the US can as well compete in the global market. This was a main aim of global governance which has proved to have some succession. An important factor to keep in mind though is the comparisons of how the globe is today compared to the past. These days, the problems we face are different to the ones before. There is more terrorism (as people go by such means to get their voices heard), there is a more rapid climate change, financial problems and also pandemics such as HIV, which cannot be tackled easily and will be in need of global efforts. It is therefore very difficult as an individual state to face these problems and tackle them than it is more likely with the help of the trusteeship of other countries. Global governance is a vital key towards mitigating conflicts and wars. Before the League of Nations, there was barely a platform for nations to meet and do decisions together. It was basically only individual states and the congress of Vienna and the Council of Europe. In other words, today, if a state wants to go into war, she can be stopped by its membership partners and together they will deal with the problems not having to use armed forces. If you compare this to the times before global governance was so important and played a role, then this country would already be preparing for this war. This proves that trusteeship is based on respect towards one another. It is like the second voice that makes you double think and council to before taking it a step further. The League of Nations (1900-1924) The League of Nations was an important breakthrough after the First World War with one main task: to maintain a war from happening again. It was after the chaos that erupted from the treaty of Versailles that people looked for hope in this league and mainly wanted stability. This international body was created by Mr. Woodrow Wilson, who also was the president of the United States. What is ironic though is that the US decided they would not join this league, being as powerful as they were and as isolating as they were becoming. The idea behind the League of Nations was very bright and many were keen on how it worked. Britain and France were the two most important nations that had joined this league as neither Germany nor Russia was allowed into it due to its internal problems. Germany who is claimed (by the Treaty of Versailles) to have started the war was not seen a as a part of the international community and was therefore not allowed to join the decision makers in the League of Nations. In one way though, this was a great relief to the league as it did not have to finance the country in bad times. In spite of the joining of these two nations, the league was a good idea and it was a kick-off for global governance. It aided countries economically though not militarily (as in what the United Nations is doing today) due do its lack of weapons after the World War. The league has been proven to be successful and given a great push towards global governance, the members together have prevented wars from occurring and by this cooperation, communication between the members has been enhanced. Which reforms are needed in the UN for global governance? Following the current economic situation in the world; booming of sub-national communities, the rise of strong nation states, successful regionalism and no compatibility in the globalization, things are bound to go on as long as there is no democracy and compromises triumph at all levels, so it was the responsibility of the UN to step in and make the difference (Reforms at the UN). The UN is also charged with the responsibility of addressing governance challenges in sub-national and national frame work being one of the major international community organizations and has to take the role of supporting national governments democratic reforms. They have been claims on a major disconnect between the management of the international communities and the reforms that are associated with them. Gupta (p346) says that due to the above conditions, the UN had to do something and tackle those pending reforms. Though it had very many topics to be addressed, the main areas of concentration were sugg ested to be economic issues, security and legal affairs. It should be noted that the UN role in the mentioned issues vary and differ from each other. Calls for reforms were also received from world leaders such as the French President Nicolas Sarkozy. Felder (p36) asserts that he warned the UN that time was running out for them to make global governance reforms on economic, political and environmental crises. He stated that the world was facing a lot of challenges like global warming, recession, poverty and nuclear proliferation and said that the world is getting impatient of waiting for the reforms. He mentioned some specific areas that he felt really needed to be reformed like the expansion of it membership, restructuring of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, equal rights of voting among nations and the curbing of the green house gases. The Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi also called for reforms in the Security Council so as to make the body more representative and effective and economic reforms that would take into account the voices of more countries. Reforms needed in the UN for global governance Most of the panel members were for the idea of the reforms being undertaken by the United Nations but some still said that no reforms were needed. Though there were some disagreements here and there on some specific issues like the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organizations, the call for reforms was clear both from inside the UN and the outside world. The reforms cut across several areas and agencies and differed from one to the other depending on the importance and the how adverse the area was affected. On July, Kofi Annan released the Maurice Strongs plan who was the Executive Coordinator to begin reforms of the United Nations which at that time was considered as a sprawling system. The reforms mainly involved the implementations of the many recommendations that were brought forward by the commission on Global Governance (Klingbeil, p349). The UN had appointed a Commission to look at the global economic and financial crisis and it had come up with its own recommendations reforms. The reforms covered areas such as; The International trade in Agriculture and the Right to Food. As a branch of the right to live, the right to food was aimed at guaranteeing every human being to be free from hunger. To achieve this, the Agricultural trade policy had to be formed to help fulfill this right. This was not obvious as it could also serve as a hindrance if it was conceived but in neglect of the human rights (Bongang, p86). It called for all the states to respect all the human rights while entering trade agreements. Basing on the report from the commission, especially the part covering the World trade Organization and the right to food suggested the strengthening of the special role of agriculture in trade agreements. This would ensure that the two are compatible with the states responsibility to fulfill its populations Food rights. The commissions came up with the possibilities to reconcile the human rights requirements and trade policies (Global Policy Forum). The commis sion also had recommendations towards a Socially Responsible and Democratic Global Economic system. It suggested for transparency, accountability and governance in central banks, national governments and international financial institutions. These institutions had rushed blindly with efforts to rescue the global financial system and the reforms were to step in and check on this urgent pace. The commission then came up with proposals and principles which would strengthen these reforms and enable the institutions move towards a more democratic global economic system and socially responsible. The proposal faced challenges as these institutions denied some of the allegations on transparency and accountability (Zifcak, p50). Like the Central Bank claimed that it would be transparent only if it followed simple and previously policy goals particularly on commitment to use monetary policies in fighting the price inflation on commodities and not asset bubbles. The policy asserted that the as set inflations can be ignored considering the consumer price inflation and at the same time the asset deflations also cut into profits. The Security of Council also came to question and the commission suggested a new approach to it. This was not the first time the Security Council had come under scrutiny as the UN members had been discussing reforms on it over decades but nothing had really come out of the discussions. The suggestion was that a council which was newly forged and one that had a common ground on which progress could be easily made. The Security Council is charged with the responsibility to maintain peace and security internationally. The council comes up with resolutions that bind all members the UN Member States. The responsibility needed a lot of reforms in order to become more democratic, transparent and accountable to the UN member States and to the public. The reforms are as delicate as they are political in nature and the situation worsens when it gets to enlargement and debates covering regional political rivalries. The procedural issues also make the reforms more complicated as there are some w hich can be implemented while others require voting which will need amendments in the UN charter and changes in the council composition. The proposals may result to the Member States holding on to their old positions although they will be given the freedom to change (Oxford Journals). Members are also going to find other avenues to address their issues and the reforms will remain a national interest issue that have strategic interest regionally and global power ambitions. The International Financial System also needed reforms according to the commission as it was at the peak of financial crisis hence something had to be done to avoid such situations in future. It advocated for the repudiation of the US dollar to be the key international currency and that it should be able to bear responsibilities that come along (Herman, p213). The commission also insisted on the importance of adjusting mechanisms that will solve the imbalances in the international payments and how the capital controls stabilizes the international financial market. It directed most of its efforts on the role of the regional monetary cooperation. The reforms faced challenges from the US which was against any changes that would result to the dollar loosing its standards though it accepted to adjust the voting shares between European countries and Asia. There was a strong call for sustainable Governance for the 21st centaury. To attain this, the UN had to address economic and environmental crises and the changing geopolitics. The UN was running out of time to position itself in a way that it could effectively manage the new global changes that included the financial and economic crisis, energy and food crises and climate change. Hence the commissions recommended the transformation in policies governing human resource and provide findings for UN research. It also came up with ways of improving the leadership policies by Secretary -General especially in times of crises and the establishment of an institution that was independent analytically. The UN was asked to improve its own policies on research capacities, planning and better division of labor between other multilateral organization and the UN. The UN also had to check on its democratic support and it was challenged to come up with a new beginning democratically. The financial cri sis was believed to be the opening for democracy support and to achieve a democratic future, the UN was supposed to respond directly to crisis especially concerning economic vulnerable, it should direct specific focus on young democracies and support them and come up with ways of strengthening international organizations. Which model should we use in global governance and why? When it comes to governance, all aspects should be included so as to come up with a government that is efficient, democratic and meets all the needs and expectations of the people it governs. This is to say that in governance, the executive, legislature and judiciary should not be divided into separate and independent bodies. Such divisions limit the proper working of the government and the excesses by the government since all these three are required for making, executing and administering laws. This not only applies to a nation but cuts through even for global governance hence the best method that can be used in global governance should be a model that includes all the three branches of government. With the incorporation of all the three, then we will achieve the global governance that we need. With the prevailing world situations and crisis, we need institutions and governances that are democratic, transparent, accountable and those that can work properly with the civil societies and the NGOs. All these are beyond what a single country can achieve no matter how powerful it may be to solve all these and still be responsible enough to cater for the responsibilities of all the mankind. Trenkov (p90) says hence the need for a world institution which has the legitimacy, clout and the caliber to handle effectively all these weaknesses and enact the possible reforms. An organization that can be fit to do such is the UN. We need a government that will ensure that international cooperation grows stronger despite the rise in the number of rifts and divides, global governance that will provide solutions to the increasing security concerns, come up with policies that will strengthen the c ivilians and not the military. One which has policies that protect and conserve nature and also addresses all the causes of insecurity clearly providing good solutions. All these are just but some of the roles the UN. The UN considers dialogue and diplomacy in handling military parties, pass resolutions and sends peacekeepers to solve disputes. The UN has peacekeeping troops and personnel in more than 110 countries which are normally send all over the world for peace keeping missions. Some of the organizations that have exercised global governance include International Criminal Court, MDGs and Kyoto. The NGOs and civil societies have also been working globally without biases. They have worked together in issues like protecting the environment, helping the poor in fighting HIV/AIDS and have taken part in prosecution for crimes against humanity. Treaties such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty have contributed in large extent to the global security and economic development. What are the main difficulties when achieving global governance? The issues and difficulties with global governance usually start at the same point which is state sovereignty. The Westphalian system the concept of nation-state sovereignty based on two principles: territoriality and the exclusion of external actors from domestic authority structures   [4]  is widely popular and accepted worldwide. Any kind of attempt of an external interference with any kind of domestic issue is usually not widely welcomed. States can feel this comes with a loss of their independent decision making. However what one must always consider is that all states are involved in the decision making process and that means that the outcome selected is a product of their thinking as well. It does not mean that a state can be governed by a third power and that it can interfere in its issues without their permission. Other than the actual issue of loosing the concept of self decision making and sovereignty, the concept of the ruling system of global governance itself is often considered a problem. This is mainly related to the way of how for example the United Nations system is carried out. As it is the largest decision making body in terms of the global governance issue, it can be used as an example for any further innovations of the system. Overall the main difficulty to overcome in the UN is the system of votes and the share of power. There are two main problems with this topic. Firstly the system of votes gives every country the same vote no matter what size, political and economical characteristics it might have. As this may seem like a rather fair system, which is how it was initially meant, in real daily basis of decision making in the UN it means that states much smaller in size and economical power can decide on issues which do not relate to them at all or will not influence them at such a large scale. The second problem the UN might have in terms of its power sharing is the widely criticized Security Council and overall the fact that a few set selected states with rather larger amounts of power, govern the UN and have a bigger say in the decision making process which is then unfair because no matter what issue comes up a hand full powerful countries in the world will always be at the centre of the decision makin g, often rather than those who would be influenced by this issue in the future. Another major issue of global governance comes down to the characteristics of a democratic process. In an ideal democratic discussion as all parties should be heard and considered and a debate over all the concerning aspects should be carried out, the process of decision making through global governance can be longer as compared to the one on only a national or regional scale. As the duration of the decision making process grows the effectivity of the policy implemented declines. To conclude the major points that make it difficult for achieving global governance these would include : fears of losing state sovereignty, criticism of the vote share both in the General Assembly and the Security Council and the speed of decision making and its effects on implementing various policies. How to overcome these difficulties of global governance The reason behind why some states are threatened by global governance and fear the loss of sovereignty is due to the fact that either they feel excluded from the decision making and fear that they will be ruled by another power or that there are issues which tackle topics that might be considered as nationalist. To improve this a different system of voting sharing could be imposed. If decision making only touches a few countries than these countries should have a bigger say in the process as it will concern only them and no one else. However it is important to somehow maintain the process as of course countries may be biased. Therefore this policy would usually not be helpful if only one country is concerned by a topic as naturally it would just defend its stand without any need to compromise. On a regional scale of a few countries that all understand the issue and might bring something new into a collective debate, it would be more progressive to only apply regional governance rather than global. Another positive aspect of this solution would be the fact that countries that are not involved with such an issue what so ever would not spend on time on such things and would be able to focus on other important issues that need to be solved. The fact that certain issues may concern topics that touch the nationalist side is widely known. As the sense of nationalism usually varies across the world it is very difficult to point out exactly what topics should be off limits when it comes to the decision making. While topics such as culture are very obvious, other aspects vary as different countries take pride in different areas and losing the power to fully ad solely decide in such areas would mean losing a sense of national pride. Such topics that should be off limits should be discussed and decided by the general body of the global governance to avoid any sense of misunderstanding and unnecessary pressure in the future. A reform in the Security Council has been widely discussed. It is obvious that this system does not fully support democracy but on the other hand benefits few and takes away power from the small states. The main problem with Security Council seems to be the fact that the setting we practice now in the UN can be rather permanent. Some suggest a rotating presidency would bring more efficiency in the Un as the decision making would then be balanced. However this on the other hand might not be the most effective solution as any kind of mistake could be blamed on the ruling circle before the present Security Council. One of the greatest improvements global governance needs is interconnectedness. As global governance is an aspect of globalization it should stand up to the standards of growing interconnectedness of the world. This means it should connect its public and private sectors, regional and global aspects and encourage citizenship participation. A greater interconnectedness of public and private sectors be it in the economical, educational or medical sector would not only help to improve these areas by bringing in new aspects and a broader view on things but would work in a greater stabilization of the sectors and most importantly it would possibly prove more efficient in implying certain policies and would make it a faster process when implementing various policies. A more cooperative regional and global approach would help focus on the areas really needed in regions in turns rather than trying to generalize a solution which may not be as efficient at times. If regions were able to present a unified solution in the start it would mean that the issue of single votes would not be as problematic as before. An encouraged citizenship participation could bring in new ideas and aspects and again a more focused approach on certain ideas. A citizens view might bring in new insights and ideas which on a greater scale if they are unified can serve the populations specific needs rather than generalized policies. It should be a vital point in the decision making of global governance which is only highlighted by this quote of Listening to what citizens have to say is the surest way of meeting their needs. And the organization of world governance needs to be founded on the satisfaction of these needs. The principles of citizenship are therefore a necessary condition in the creation of any new model for managing the planet.  [5]   It is important to understand why achieving global governance is so important, what it would bring to world citizens and what are the criteria for overcoming difficulties with global governance. For this it seems rather appropriate to quote Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM  [6]  (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia) and his works on Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference. Democratic policy at the global level requires legitimacy of popular control through representative and direct mechanisms. Citizen participation in decision making at global levels requires equality of opportunity to all citizens of the world. Multiple spheres of governance, from local to provincial to national to regional and global, should mutually support democratization of decision making at all levels. Global democracy must guarantee that global public goods are equitably accessible to all citizens of the world  [7]   Conclusion So to conclude it is important to understand the points mentioned above fully as without legitimacy and control of power, equal opportunities to all world citizens, democracy and accessibility of public goods and services a reform of global governance is not possible as it needs the basic criteria to develop. Fears of losing state sovereignty, issues of nationalism, criticism of the vote share both in the General Assembly and the Security Council and the speed of decision making and its effects on implementing various policies all have to be dealt with through a changed voting system in the UN, areas restricted to global governance and areas that are off limits and should only be dealt with on a national scale, a reform of the Security Council and very importantly a greater need of interconnectedness on all levels. The UN would not have managed to meet its expectations and the requirements of the 21st century without reforming several aspects of its governance. Its responsibility is to protect the ordinary people against poverty, conflicts, diseases, hunger and erosion of the natural environment. With the reforms at place, the organization is now in the best position to carry out these global governance issues that happen to be under the jurisdiction of the organization, it is independent and indispensable to the international community and has all it takes to handle global governance issues. Hence we can see that the UN is the best global governance we can have to promote peace, rule of law, protection of human rights and development of the poorest regions in the world. Bibliography/Sources